822 



CALVIN CAM AIEU. 



which some French refugees wore useful to him. 



For tllf advancement of Useful Slllllio, lit' em-led tile 



academy so happily conducted by his friend Theod jre 

 Beia. 



When we consider nil that Calvin did during his 

 continuance in Geneva, we can hardly conceive how 

 he could have accomplished so much, lie preached 

 almost daily, delivered theological lectures three 

 times a-week, attended all deliberations of the con- 

 sistory, all sittings of the association of ministers, and 

 was the soul of all the councils. He was consulted, 

 too, upon points of law ;i> well as of theology. Be- 

 sides this, he found time to attend to political affairs 

 in i he name of the republic ; to publish a multitude 

 of writings in defence of his opinions, of which his 

 commentaries on the Bible are the most important ; 

 and to maintain a correspondence through all Europe, 

 but principally in France, where he laboured inces- 

 santly to extend the new doctrine. Besides his 

 printed sermons, the library of Geneva contains 2,025 

 in manuscript, and, like that of Berne, several theo- 

 logical treatises not printed. Although C. differed 

 from Luther in essential points, yet his adherents 

 were not distinguished from the Lutherans in the 

 edicts of Francis I. and Henry II., nor even in the 

 edict of Rouen in 1559. They themselves, indeed, 

 regarded C. as their head, but without considering 

 themselves as different, on this account, from the 

 adherents of Luther. A formal separation first took 

 place after the colloquium (conference) of Poissy, in 

 1561, where they expressly rejected the tenth article 

 of the confession of Augsburg, besides some others, 

 and took the name of Calvinists, 



Calvin died May 27, in the fifty-fifth year of his 

 age. He was of a weak constitution, and suffered 

 from frequent sickness. In Strasburg, he had mar- 

 ried a widow, Idelette de Burie, in 1539: a son, the 

 fruit of their union, died early. In 1549, he lost his 

 wife, after which he never married again. He was 

 temperate and austere, gloomy and inflexible. He 

 knew nothing of friendship, and had no other passion 

 than to establish the opinions which he believed to 

 be correct. His disinterestedness was rare. He had 

 a yearly stipend of 150 francs, fifteen measures of 

 corn, and two casks of wine: he never received a 

 larger one. The value of the whole property which 

 he left, in books, furniture, money, &c., did not ex- 

 ceed 125 crowns. His character was impetuous, and 

 impatient of contradiction. " I have," he writes to 

 Bucer, " no harder battles against my sins, which are 

 great and numerous, than those in which I seek to 

 conquer my impatience. I have not yet gained the 

 mastery over this raging beast." The tone of his 

 controversies is always harsh, bitter, and contemptu- 

 ous. He does not always succeed in concealing the 

 feeling of his own superiority. 



As a theologian, Calvin was equal to any of his 

 contemporaries in profound knowledge, acuteness of 

 mind, and, as he himself boasts, in the art of making 

 good a point in question. As an author, he merits 

 great praise. His Latin works are written with much 

 method, dignity, and correctness. He was also a 

 great jurist and an able politician. But all these 

 qualities would not have been sufficient to make him 

 the head of a distinct religious sect, had he not boldly 

 rejected all religious ceremonies. By this means, he 

 gained, on the one side, the highly cultivated, who 

 were induced to look upon visible forms in religion 

 as something derogatory, and also gave the unedu- 

 cated an easy means of distinguishing themselves 

 from the opposite party, without the necessity of ex- 

 amining the grounds of their faith, for which they 

 were neither inclined nor qualified. 



The chief doctrines of Calvin's system are those 

 which were discussed at the famous synod of Doit, 



under the following heads: pmli-stiiiadon, particular 

 roll ni)itio >t, totnl ilrprariti/, irresistible grace, and tfi* 

 ci'rtain perseveratice of the saints. In succeeding 

 controversies, these were denominated \.\\efivep<jints, 

 The doctrine of original sin, often set forth as |>ecu- 

 liar to C.'s ;system, is common to those of many pro- 

 testant sects. The followers of C., in Germany, are 

 called the Reformed* but the doctrine of predestina- 

 tion is said to be losing ground in that country. In 

 France, it is well known, most Protestants are ('a! 

 vinists. Calvinism is the professed belief of the 

 greatest part of the Presbyterians both of Europe and 

 America; the Particular Baptists, in England anil 

 India, and the Associated Baptists in America ; the 

 Independents of every class in England and Scotland, 

 and the Congregationalists of New Kngland. 



CALVINISM. See the conclusion of the preceding 

 article ; also Protestants. 



CALVISIUS, Seth ; a musician and chronologer of the 

 18th century. He was the son of a Thuringian pea- 

 sant, Jacob Kalwiz ; was born in 1556, and, after a 

 liberal musical and scientific education, became chanter 

 at the Schulptbrta and at the Thomas school at Lcip- 

 sic. He died in 1617. His valuable works on the, 

 theory of music, written in good Latin, are mentioned 

 in Gerber's Biographical Lexicon of Musicians. He 

 composed, also, many important chronological and 

 other scientific works. Zach calls him an exact and 

 zealous investigator of chronology, possessed of as 

 much learning as penetration. 



CALX ; properly lime or chalk (hence calcarioiis 

 earth) ; but the term is more generally applied to the 

 residuum of a metal or mineral which has been sub- 

 jected to violent heat, burning or calcination (q. v.), 

 solution by acids, or detonation by nitre, and which 

 is or may be reduced to a fine powder. Metallic 

 calces are now called oxydes (q. v.). They weigh 

 more than the metal from which they are produced, 

 on account of the oxygen which they have absorbed. 



CALYDOX ; an ancient city of ^Etolia, celebrated in 

 the stories of king CEneus, the Calydonian boar, and 

 Dejanira and Hercules. CEneus, as the fable runs, 

 had forgotten Diana in a solemn sacrifice offered to 

 all the gods ; that goddess, in revenge, sent a terrible 

 boar, which laid waste the fields and gardens. In 

 order to slay this monster, Meleager, the son of 

 CEneus, solicited the aid of the boldest heroes of 

 Greece Theseus, Jason, Nestor, &c. Several of 

 the assailants perished. Meleager finally pierced 

 him in the back with his javelin, and the others 

 speedily despatched him. See Meleager. 



CALYPSO ; in mythology, a daughter of Atlas (some 

 say of Nereus and Doris, or of Oceanus and Thetis). 

 She inhabited the woody island Ogygia, situated deep 

 in the ocean, and lived remote from all intercourse 

 with gods and men. Ulysses having suffered ship- 

 wreck on her island, she received him kindly, and 

 promised him immortality if he would consent to 

 marry her. But his desire of beholding his country 

 and his wife overcame the charms of the goddes>. 

 Seven years he had to remain with her. Mercury 

 finally brought C. the command of Jupiter, that 

 Ulysses should be permitted to return to his home. 

 This command she dared not oppose. Ulysses de- 

 parted, but C., who had borne him two children, 

 Nausinous and Nausithous, died of grief. This sub- 

 ject has been wrought up in many different ways. 



CAMAIEU, or CAMEO. (See Cameo.) Camaieu is 

 also used for a painting wherein there is only one 

 colour, and where the lights and shades are of gold, 

 wrought on a golden or azure ground. When the 

 ground is yellow, the French call it cirage, when 

 gray, grissaile. This kind of work is chiefly used to 

 represent basso relievos. The Greeks call pieces of 

 this SOrt fttto^oftara.. 



