CAM ALDOLITES CAMBRIDGE. 



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CAMALDOLITES, CAMALDULIANS, or CAMALDUNIANS ; 

 hermits and monks of the order established, in 1012, 

 by St Romuald, a Benedictine of Ravenna, in the 

 valley of Camakloli, near Arezzo, in the Apennines, 

 and confirmed afterwards by pope Alexander III. 

 They were originally hermits, living in separate cells ; 

 but, as their wealth increased, the greater part of 

 them associated in convents. They existed in Italy, 

 France, Germany, and Poland. In the 18th century, 

 there were five independent fraternities of them : 

 1. at Camaldoli ; 2. at Cronenberg, near Perugia ; 3. 

 at Turin ; 4. at Grandbois, near Paris ; 5. at Murano, 

 in the Venetian territory ; besides twelve monasteries 

 of Camaldulian nuns. White garments and the aus 

 tere rules of the Benedictines they all had in com- 

 mon. The hermits wore beards, and had still more 

 severe rules in regard to fasting, silence, and penan- 

 ces. Their life was devoted to contemplation rather 

 than to usefulness. Joseph II. and the French revo- 

 lution put an end to the order. There is, in the vi- 

 cinity of Naples, a mountain which takes its name 

 from a convent of the Camaldoli, situated on its top, 

 from which the traveller enjoys a prospect of remark- 

 able grandeur and beauty. It is one of the most 

 charming of all the beautiful views around Naples ; 

 yet the spot is not much visited by travellers. 



CAMARGUE, or CAMARQUE, LA ; a piece of land, in- 

 sulated by the two principal mouths of the Rhone, 

 sometimes called the Delta of France. It is a cluster 

 of islands extending over nearly 200 square miles. 



CAMARILLA ; a word first used in Spain, but now in 

 other countries also, to express the influence of cer- 

 tain persons in obstructing the operation of the official 

 organs of government When Ferdinand VII., in 

 1814, returned to Spain, he was surrounded by flat- 

 terers, who prevailed upon him to violate his promise 

 of giving the people a constitution. They were called 

 camarilla, either from the room where they remained 

 in waiting, or in allusion to the council of Castile 

 (camara de Castillo). Until the revolution of 1820 

 (see Spain). The camarilla consisted mostly of men 

 without talent, but passionately opposed to every 

 thing new ; but when the king recovered his power, 

 in 1823, they became more influential, and have since 

 repeatedly interfered with the ministers. The thing 

 itself is old enough : priests, favourites, and women 

 have often formed camarillas in monarchies and other 

 governments. The word was much used in France 

 during the reign of Charles X., as its Spanish origin 

 suggests the influence of priests, which was also great, 

 at that time, in France. 



CAMBACERES, Jean Jacques Regis ; ex-duke of Par- 

 ma, prince and arch-chancellor of the French empire, 

 member of the institute ; born in 1753, at Montpel- 

 lier, of an ancient famille de robe (family of lawyers). 

 His zeal and talents soon obtained him distinction and 

 the office of a counsellor at the cour des comptes at 

 Montpellier. At the beginning of the revolution, he 

 received several public offices, became, in September, 



1792, a member of the convention, and laboured in 

 the committees, particularly in the committee of legis- 

 lation. Dec. 12, 1792, he was commissioned to in- 

 quire of Louis XVI. whom he desired for his counsel, 

 and it was on his motion that the counsel was allowed 

 to communicate freely with the king. In January, 



1793, he declared Louis guilty, but disputed the right 

 of the convention to judge him, and voted for his pro- 

 visory arrest, and, in case of a hostile invasion, death. 

 The 24th of January, he was chosen secretary of the 

 convention. As a member of the committee of public 

 safety, he reported, in the session of March 26, the 

 treason of Dumouriez. In August and October, 1793, 

 he presented his first plan for a civil code, in which 

 his democratical notions were displayed. In an inter- 

 cepted letter of Antraigue, these words were found : 



" I do not wonder at all that C. is among those who 

 wish for the return of royalty. I know him," &c. C. 

 confuted the charge, and the convention ordered his 

 speech to be printed ; but his character as a republi- 

 can had been shaken, and he was not received into 

 the directory for which he was nominated. He enter- 

 ed into the council of the five hundred, where he pre- 

 sented a new plan for a code civile. This Projet de 

 Code civile, 179G, became, subsequently, the founda- 

 tion of the Code Napoleon. May 20, 1797, he left his 

 seat in the council. A year afterwards, he appeared 

 among the electors of Paris; and, after the revolution 

 of the 30th Prairial, VII. (19th of June, 1799), he 

 was made minister of justice. On the 18th of Bru- 

 maire, he was chosen second consul, and entered on 

 the office in December. He made the administration 

 of justice the chief object of his attention. After Na 

 poleon had ascended the throne, C. was appointed 

 archchancellor of the empire, and afterward grand 

 officer of the legion of honour, obtained, successively, 

 almost all the distinguished foreign orders, and, in 

 1808, was made duke of Parma. He always showed 

 a remarkable attachment to Napoleon. The nume- 

 rous edicts which appeared during his government 

 were drawn up by C. During the campaign of Na- 

 poleon against the allied powers in 1813, C. was made 

 president of the council of regency. At the approach 

 of the allies in 1814, he followed the government to 

 Blois, and from that place sent his consent to the ab- 

 dication of the Emperor. When Napoleon returned, 

 in 1815, C. was again made archchancellor and mi- 

 nister of justice, and, subsequently, president of the 

 chamber of peers. After the second fall of Napole- 

 on, he was banished. He went to Brussels. In De- 

 cember, 1818, the king permitted him to return to 

 Paris, where he lived afterwards as a private indivi- 

 dual, and died March 8, 1824. 



CAMBODIA, or CAMBOGE, or CAMBOJA, or CAMBOYA ; 

 a country in Asia, between 10 and 15 N. lat, bound- 

 ed N. by Laos, E. by Cochin-China and Chiampa, S. 

 by the sea, and W. by Siam ; about 400 miles in 

 length and 150 in breadth. Population vaguely esti- 

 mated at 1,000,000. The air is exceedingly hot, 

 which compels the in habitants to reside chiefly by the 

 sides of rivers or lakes, where they are tormented by 

 mosquitoes. The soil is very fertile. Gold of great 

 purity, amethysts, hyacinths, rubies, topazes, and 

 other precious stones are found. Cattle are exceed- 

 ingly numerous. Elephants, lions, tigers, and almost 

 allthe animals of the deserts of Africa are found here. 

 The capital is also called Cambodia, or Leveck. Lon. 

 104 35' E. ; lat. 13 N. 



CAMBODIA, or DONNAI ; a river in Asia, called also 

 in different parts of its course, Kiou-Long, May- 

 Kanng, Mecon or Micon, which rises in Thibet, passes 

 through Yunnan, a province of China, the countries 

 of Laos and Cambodia, and runs into the Chinese sea ; 

 Ion. 104 10' E. ; lat 10 N. It is navigable for the 

 largest vessels forty leagues, and is generally two 

 miles wide, and very deep. See Mecon. 



CAMBRAY, or CAMERICH, a large and strongly forti- 

 fied city (having 3000 houses and 15,600 inhabitants) 

 on the Scheldt, in the Netherlands. From this place 

 comes the linen cloth known by the name of cambric. 

 C. has been the seat of an archbishop since the six. 

 teenth century. In the cathedral church is Fenelon's 

 monument. In 1508, the league against Venice was 

 concluded at C. ; in 1529, the peace with Charles V. 

 (see Francis I.) ; and, in 1724, negotiations for peace 

 were begun here by the Emperor Charles VI. and 

 Philip V^ which were terminated at Vienna in 1725. 



CAMBRIDGE, county of; an inland county of England, 

 bounded on tiie north and north-west by the counties 

 of Lincoln, Northampton, Huntingdon, and Bedford ; 

 on the south, by Hertfordshire and Essex ; and on the 



