830 



GAMER ARIUS -CAMERON. 



lo prevent the external light from ol>sniring the ima- 

 p-> delineated on it, there is aflixed a small lid, with 

 yde wings. The tube ;it 15 should be moved out or 

 in until the rays refract" 1 by t!ie convex li us meet in 

 the focus on the frosted glass, where the image is most 

 perfectly formed. This is called the portable ca- 

 mera obscure, a more convenient form of which is 

 shown in fig. i, where the rays coming from the object 

 A are received on the mirror B, and passing through 

 the convex lens ('. meet in the focus at D, form- 

 ing an image of the object A, seen by the eye through 

 the opening in the side of the box at E. The surface 

 on which the image is seen may be white paper; and 

 thus by introducing the hand, the figures may be 

 traced with a pencil, but the picture is most distinctly 

 seen when the image is formed on the back of a sil- 

 vcrizfd mirror. Tins instrument, of whatever form 

 it may be. does not present a clear picture unless the 

 sun be shining on the object ; it is chiefly useful as a 

 source of amusement, and as illustrating the function 

 of the eye. See Eye. 



CAMERARIUS (Joachim T.) ; born in 1500, at Bam- 

 berg ; one of the most distinguished scholars of Ger- 

 many, who contributed to the progress of knowledge, 

 in the sixteenth century, by his own works as well as 

 by editions of Creek and Latin authors with commen- 

 taries, and by a better organization of the universities 

 at Leipsic and Tubingen, and of the gymnasium at 

 Nuremberg. He also took an important part in the 

 political and religious afiairs of his time. He was a 

 friend of Melanchthon, and was held in great esteem 

 by the emperors Charles V., Ferdinand 1., and Maxi- 

 milian I. hi 1555, he was deputy of the university 

 of Leipsic to the diet of Augsburg, and died in 1574. 

 He was naturally grave and serious, and had such a 

 detestation of falsehood, that he could never endure 

 it even in jest. His works are estimated at 150, 

 mostly translations from Greek and Latin writers, be- 

 sides many poems., and a great number of familiar 

 letters. 



CAMERARIUS (Joachim II.) ; son of the preceding ; 

 born in 1534, at Nuremberg ; one of the most learned 

 physicians and greatest botanists of his time. After 

 having studied in the German and Italian universities, 

 he practised with great success in Nuremberg, where 

 he instituted a medical academy, laid out a botanical 

 garden, and published many botanical works. He 

 died in 1598. Several of his sons and grandsons have 

 distinguished themselves in medicine and botany. 



CAMERLINGO (Italian) denotes the highest officer in 

 the Ecclesiastical States. The cardinale camerlingo 

 stands, in fact, at the head of afiairs in this govern- 

 ment. He has the control of the treasury, administers 

 justice, and exercises almost sovereign power when 

 the papal chair is vacant. 



CAMERON, a parish in Fife, lying betwixt that of St 

 Andrews and Carnbee, occupying a square of about 

 four miles. The country here lies high, and is gene- 

 rally bleak and moorish, but is undergoing improve- 

 ment. Coal is raised in considerable quantities. Ca- 

 meron village lies four miles south of St Andrews. 

 Population in 1831, 1207. 



CAMERON, John; an eminent divine among the 

 French Protestants, was born at Glasgow, about 1580. 

 After completing his education at his native place, he 

 was, in 1600, induced to visit France, and was ap- 

 pointed first professor of philosophy at Sedan, and af- 

 terwards minister at Bourdeaux. He subsequently 

 accepted of the divinity chair at Saumur, where he 

 continued until the dispersion of that academy in 1621. 

 He then removed to Britain, and was made by king 

 James professor of divinity at Glasgow. In 1625, he 

 returned to France, where he met his death, being so 

 maltreated on the streets by a party of Catholic iieal- 

 ots, that he did not recover. He was the author of 



an attempt to reconcile the doctrine of predestination 

 with divine ju>lice and l>ene\oleiice, which was more 

 fully developed in the " System of Universal Grace," 

 by his disciple Amyrant. His theological lectured 

 were printed at Saumur, in 3 vols. 4to, and at Gene- 

 va, in 1 vol. folio. 



CAMERON, Richard ; a martyr of the Scottish church , 

 whose name is still retained in the popular desij-na 

 tiou of one of its sects, was the son of a small simp 

 keeper at Falkland in Fife. His first appearance in 

 life was in thecapacity of schoolmaster and precentor 

 of that parish, under the episcopal clergyman. Hut, 

 being converted by the field preachers, Tie_afterwanU 

 became an enthusiastic votary of the pure presbyteri- 

 an system. On the 20th of June, 1680, in company 

 with about twenty other persons, well armed, he en- 

 tered the little remote burgh of Sanquhar, and in a 

 ceremonious manner proclaimed at the cross, that he, 

 and those who adhered to him renounced their allegi- 

 ance to the king, on account of his having abu-cd hi < 

 government, and also declared a war against him and 

 all who adhered to him, at the same time avowing 

 their resolution to resist the succession of his brother, 

 the duke of York. The bulk of the presbyterian* 

 beheld this transaction with dismay, for they knew 

 that the government would charge it upon the party 

 in general. The privy council immediately put a re- 

 ward of five thousand merks upon Cameron's head, 

 and three thousand upon the heads of all the rest ; 

 and parties were sent out to waylay them. The little 

 band kept together in arms for a month, in the moun- 

 tainous country between Nithsdale and Ayrshire. But 

 at length, on the. 20th of July, when they were lying 

 in a secure place on Airsmoss, Bruce of Earlshall ap- 

 proached them with a party of horse and foot much 

 superior in numbers. Cameron, who was believed by 

 his followers to have a gift of prophecy, is said to have 

 that morning washed his hands with particular care, 

 in expectation that they were immediately to become 

 a public spectacle. His party, at sight of the enemy, 

 gathered closely around him, and he uttered a short 

 prayer, in which he thrice repeated the expression 

 " Lord, spare the green and take the ripe," nodoubi 

 including himself in the latter description, as conceiv- 

 ing himself to be among the best prepared for death. 

 He then said to his brother, " Come, let us fight it 

 out to the last!" A brief skirmish took place, in 

 which the insurgents were allowed even by their ene- 

 mies to have behaved with great bravery ; but nothing 

 could avail against superior numbers. Mr Cameron 

 being among the slain, his head and hands were cut 

 off and carried to Edinburgh, along with the prison- 

 ers, among whom was the celebrated Mr Hackstoun 

 of Rathillet. It happened that the father of Cameron 

 was at this time in prison for non-conformity. The 

 head was shown to the old man, with the question, 

 " Did he know to whom it had belonged." He seized 

 the bloody relics with the eagerness of parental affec- 

 tion, and, kissing them fervently, exclaimed, "I know, 

 I know them ; they are my son's, my own dear son's ; 

 it is the Lord ; good is the will of the Lord, who can- 

 not wrong me or mine, but has made goodness and 

 mercy to follow us all our days." The head and 

 hands were then fixed upon the Netherbow Port, the 

 fingers pointing upwards, in mockery of the attitude 

 of prayer. The headless trunk was buried with the 

 rest of the slain in Airsmoss, where a plain monument 

 was in better times erected over them. To this spot, 

 while the persecution was still raging, Peden, th 

 friend of Cameron, used to resort, not so much, appa- 

 rently, to lament his fate, as to wish that he had shar- 

 ed it. " Oh to be wi' Ritchie!" was the frequent and 

 touching ejaculation of Peden over the grave of his 

 friend. The name of Cameron was applied to the 

 small but zealous sect of presbyterians which lie ligil 



