CAMP CAM PAG N A DI ROM A. 



CAMI- means, generally, the place aiul order of 

 lents or huts tor soldiers in the field. In niodrrn 

 wiuies, a difference is made between camp and bivouac, 

 :lie former signifying the residence of an army rest- 

 ing in tents ; Uie latter, the situation of one which 

 dispenses with them, and remains either entirely in 

 Hi. open air, or, where time allows it, in huts built of 

 oranches, &c. (See Bivouac.) On the continent of 

 turope, tents are abolished, and the name of camp, 

 therefore, is seldom used there at present. 



Camps, of course, are of very ancient origin, since 

 almost all nations, in their infancy, lived as nomadcs. 

 Jwelling in tents; as is the case with many tribes iii 



Asia and Africa at the present day, e. g., t'.c Arabs. 

 The Romans, probably, first carrei the art of en- 

 campment to a high degree o*" perfection, on account 

 ot their many wars in distant and thinly settled re j- ions, 

 where their large armies found no cities to quarter in. 

 Ceesar and several other Roman authors give us mucli 

 information on their way of constructing a camp, which 

 they improved in strength and convenience, accord in? 

 to the time that they were stationed in it, and which 

 at the same time, the want of fortresses obliged then 

 to make, in some cases, the points of their military 

 operations. The following plan represents a 



HUMAN POLYBIAN OR CONSULAR CAMP. 



The form of the 

 Roman camp was 

 a square, aud al- 

 way* of the same 

 figure. In later 

 age*, in imitation 

 of the Greek*, 

 they sometime* 

 made it circular, 

 or adapted it to 

 the nature of the 

 ground. It was 

 surrounded with a 

 ditch, usually 

 nine feet deep 

 and twelve feet 

 broad, and a ram- 

 part, composed of 

 the earth dug 

 from the ditch, 

 and sharp stakes 

 stuck into it. 



REFERENCES. 



The dotted lines 

 across the caval- 

 ry, &c. denote 

 the divisions of 

 troops or mani- 

 ples. 



A Praetorian gate. 



B Decuman gate. 



6' Porta princi. 

 pal is sinistra. 



D Porta princi. 



pnlis dextra. 

 E Pnetoritini. 

 Jl KIJII, au cavul- 



rj. 



J Triarii. 

 A' Principes and 

 VeliteO. 



J, Hastati and 

 Vflites. 



Jtl Cavalry of al. 

 lies. 



A 1 Infantry of al- 

 lies. 



Consul's ami 

 QuSPDtor'g horsi- 

 cuards. 



P Do. foot guards. 

 Q Extraoroinary 



Ci. vali y of the al. 



lies. 

 Ji Do. foot of the 



allies. 

 <V Strangers and 



occasional allies. 



1 2 34 5 678 9 10 

 II 12 The twelve 

 tribunes. 



abcdefghij 

 k I, The prefects 

 rfallies. 



* ** The figures on 

 the riebt, and 

 bottom, are the 

 nirasiires ot 



length in feet. 



From such camps, it is well known, many cities ori- 

 ginated, as Cologne on the Rhine, Treves, Cambridge, 

 Bristol, and many others. It is a fact of much inter 

 est, that the military art, after so many changes in 

 tactics, and in the principles of strategy, again resorts 

 to something similnr to these fortified camps of the 

 ancients, as, in very recent times, it has been thought 

 advisable, besides providing fortresses, properly so 

 called, to strengthen certain large cities on the chief 

 roads, partly in order to defend them against the first 

 attack of the enemy, and to prevent his possessing him- 

 self easilyof the important resources which they afford, 

 but chiefly to give to retreating armies rallying points, 

 able to furnish support to numerous soldiers. They 

 are also points of assembly for the militia. Thus the 

 Prussians fortified the large city of Cologne. Of all 

 the European armies, the British are the only ones, 

 we believe, who make use of tents, and therefore have 

 camps, in the narrower sense of the word. It is to 

 be observed, that camps have become slighter and 

 simpler with the progress of the military art. The 

 camps of the Turks, or other Asiatic nations, are ex- 

 tremely cumbersome, in comparison with the light 

 bivouac of the Europeans ; Irom which, at any mo- 



ment, the whole army can rise in arms, prepared for 

 battle. 



CAMP-MEETINGS, religious festivals among the 

 Methodists, held in the open air, in Britain ami 

 America. In the latter country, often not fewer 

 than 15 or 20,000 assemble on such occasions. 



CAMPAGNA DI ROMA ; a territory in Italy, which 

 comprehends the greater part of old Latium, about 

 70 miles wide and 230 long. We usually understand 

 by it the desert plain which commences near Ronci- 

 glione or Viterbo, and including the Pontine marshes, 

 extends to Terracina. In the middle of this region 

 lies, half deserted, the ancient capital of the world. 

 The lakes of the C. are evidently craters of extinct 

 volcanoes. Thus the lake Regillus, above Frascati, 

 Jies at the bottom of an inverted cone of hard, black 

 lava, rising in wild and naked masses from forty 

 to sixty feet high. The craters containing the lakes 

 of Albano and Nemi, which lie from 400 to 500 feet 

 higher than the lake Regillus, have a very regular 

 conical form. The lake of Albano is also remarkable 

 for its aqueduct, or emissarium, one of the most an- 

 cient and excellent works of the Romans, which dis- 

 charges the waters of the lake through the moun- 



