CAMPAIGN -CAMP AN ELL A. 



tnins. It was cut through the lava, in a year, by the 

 cumiuand of an oracle, during the siege of Veii, when 

 the lake threatened to inundate even Rome. (See 

 dlbanri). It answers its original purpose even at the 

 present day. There are, also, many sulphur springs 

 here, particularly between Home and Tivoli, where 

 the water issues almost boiling from the earth, and 

 forms the lake of Solfatara, which contains floating 

 islands, consisting of a calcarious deposit, that 

 collects round substances thrown into the water. 

 The water of the river, which issues from this 

 lake, has the same qualities, and was considered, 

 by the ancients, as particularly salutary. Near 

 (lie lake were the baths of M. Agrippa. The soil 

 of the C. is, in general, dry, but very fertile in the 

 lower parts, though its cultivation is much neglected. 

 From Monterosi to the hills of Albano, a tree is sel. 

 dom to be seen. All the efforts of the French to dimi- 

 nish the malignity of the mar aria in these regions, by 

 planting trees, have been unsuccessful. There are 

 no villages and towns in the C. Here and there you 

 find single huts leaning against the ruins of old 

 towers or temples, and patched up from their frag- 

 ments. In the middle of the summer, when malig- 

 nant fevers render a residence in the C. very danger- 

 ous, the unhappy Inhabitants are obliged to take 

 refuge in the neighbouring towns, or in Rome, where 

 they seek shelter under the porticoes of the churches 

 and palaces. The great number of sick persons who 

 fill the Roman hospitals during the months of July, 

 August, and September, are chiefly inhabitants of the 

 country. Besides their huts, innumerable ruins of 

 temples, circuses, and monuments are scattered about 

 C., particularly near the Via Appia ; and long rows 

 of aqueducts, some in ruins, some in a state of pre- 

 servation, are overgrown with ivy and other plants. 

 In the winter, flocks of sheep pasture in these solitudes; 

 during the summer, they are driven up the Apen- 

 nines. Herds of half-wild cattle remain during the 

 whole year in the C. Their keepers, however, soon 

 become a prey to the pestilence, or fall into a gradual 

 decline. They are mostly natives of the mountains, 

 and serve the proprietors of the herds for trifling 

 wages. Bonstetten saw at Torre Paterno, very near 

 Rome, a herd of several hundred cows, the proprietors 

 of which did not consider it worth while to milk them, 

 though milk is as dear in Rome as in other large 

 cities. The herdsmen are mounted, and armed with 

 long lances, with which they manage the cattle very 

 skilfully. Scarcely a ninth part of the C. is culti- 

 vated ; the rest is used for pasturage. In the times 

 of the ancient Romans, this dreary solitude exhibited 

 a smiling picture of abundance and fertility. Corn 

 fields, groves, villas, monuments, alternated with each 

 other, and, according to the accounts of Strabo, 

 Varro, and Pliny, the air was remarkably healthy, 

 witli the exception of a few marshy tracts along the 

 coasts. The corruption of the climate originated as 

 early as the Ctli century, according to tradition, after 

 some great inundations of the Tiber ; which, how- 

 ever, still take place, without increasing the evil. 

 The unhealthy air, the famous aria calliva, is most 

 injurious in the dry and hot seasons. The most pro- 

 bable supposition is, that it originated after the devas- 

 tations of the barbarians, when the waters became, 

 stagnant from the want of human industry. The 

 greatest obstacle to the removal of the evil is in the 

 prejudices and indolence of the people. Thus the 

 corruption is continually spreading, and has even at- 

 tacked some quarters of Rome. 



CAMPAIGN generally denotes the ceason during 

 which armies Keep the field. It also means an ex- 

 tensive level country. Formerly, when war was not 

 carried on witli so much impetuosity as ut present, 

 campaigns lusted only during the warmer months; 



and, towards winter, the troops went into winter- 

 quarters, when the officers of the opposing armies 

 often met very amicably at balls and other entertain- 

 ments ; but, of late, armies have kept the fU-ld 

 through the winter, till a decisive victory has been 

 gained. Thus the allies, in the winter of 18 J 3 14. 

 followed the French over the Rhine ; some battles 

 were fought in January and February, and the armies 

 remained, for several months, without roof or tent, in 

 the open air of a cold winter. 



CAMPAN, Jeanne Louise Henriette (originally 

 Genet), born at Paris, Oct. 6, 1752, became reader to 

 the daughters of Louis XV. ; gained the favour of 

 the wife of the dauphin, afterwards the queen Marie 

 Antoinette, who gave her in marriage to the son of 

 her private secretary, M. Campan, and appointed her 

 the first lady of the bed-chamber. Madame C. gave 

 her patroness many proofs of fidelity and attachmeia, 

 and wished to follow her into the Temple after the 

 10th of Aug., 1792, which, however, Pethion did not 

 allow. After the fall of Robespierre, madaine C. 

 established a boarding school for the education of 

 young ladies at St Germain, which soon acquired a 

 wide reputation. On this account, Napoleon ap- 

 pointed her the principal of an institution founded by 

 him for the daughters of the officers of the legion of 

 honour, at Ecouen, which she organized and superin- 

 tended for seven years. After the restoration, Louis 

 XVIII. abolished this institution, and madame C. lost 

 her situation. Her only son died in 1821, in conse- 

 quence of ill treatment suffered because he was a re- 

 lation of marshal Ney. Madame C. died at Paris, 

 March 10, 1822. Of her Memoirs respecting the 

 Private Life of the Queen Marie Antoinette, with 

 Recollections of the Times of Louis XIV., XV., and 

 XVI., in 4 vols. (translated into English, 1823), the 

 fifth edition appeared at Paris, 1823. They contain 

 interesting contributions to the history of the French 

 revolution. Her Journal Anecdotiyue, also (Paris, 

 1824), is rich in piquant anecdotes of Napoleon, 

 Alexander 1., and others. 



CAMPANELLA, Thomas ; a native of Calabria, in 

 Italy, famous for his talents and misfortunes. He 

 displayed great quickness of parts when quite young, 

 and, at the age of fifteen, entered into the order of the 

 Dominicans. He studied theology and other branches 

 of knowledge with assiduity, but was principally at- 

 tracted by philosophy. The opinions of Aristotle, 

 then generally taught in the schools, appeared to him 

 unsatisfactory; and, in 1591, he published, at Naples, 

 a work, entitled Philosophia Sensibtts demonstrata, in- 

 tended to show the futility of the prevailing doctrines. 

 This book procured him some admirers, and more 

 enemies. He then went to Rome, and afterwards to 

 Florence, where he was well received by the grand- 

 duke Ferdinand ; but, not obtaining some preferment 

 which he expected, he proceeded to Bologna, anil 

 then to Padua, where he gave lectures on philoso- 

 phy. In 1598, he returned to Naples, and revisited, 

 shortly after, Calabria, where, in the following year, 

 he was arrested on a charge of conspiracy against the 

 Spanish government, to which Naples was then sub- 

 ject. A scheme was imputed to him of having en- 

 gaged the Turks to assist him in making himself 

 master of Calabria. On this improbable and appar- 

 ently unfounded accusation, he was imprisoned, and, 

 after being repeatedly tortured, condemned to per- 

 petual confinement. In this situation, lie wrote many 

 learned works, afterwards published. At length, in 

 1626, pope Urban VIII. procured his removal to 

 Rome, and, in 1629, gave him his liberty, and be. 

 stowed on him a pension. Dreading some further 

 persecution from the Spaniards, he withdrew, in 1634. 

 to France, where he was honourably received, and 

 much esteemed by the learned men of that country. 



