836 



CAMPANIA CAMPBELLTOWN. 



He died at Paris in 1639. C. was a man of more 

 imagination tlmn judgment, dbpltyiBf his talents 

 r.itlicr by undermining the systems ot Others than by 

 establishing his own. He was a believer in astrolo- 

 gy, one ot the follies of the age ; and some of his 

 opinions were very eccentric. His works are ex- 

 tremely numerous. 



CAMPANIA ; the ancient name of a province of 

 Italy, in the present kingdom of Naples, which, 

 partly on account of its natural curiosities, including 

 Vesuvius, the Phlegraean fields, the lake of Averinis, 

 and partly for its remarkable fertility, was a favourite 

 resort of the distinguished Romans, who built there 

 magnificent country-houses. Guma, Puteoli, Na- 

 ples, Herculaneum, Pompeii, Caprese, Salernum, 

 and Capua, the principal cities of C., are names rich 

 in classical associations. The Appian and Latin ways 

 led into the interior of tills charming province. Even 

 now, C., or Terra di Lavoro, is the most beautiful 

 ami fruitful part of Italy ; and no traveller can wish 

 for a more delightful country than the fields of C., 

 filled, in the month of April, with barley four feet 

 high, and adorned with lofty poplars, which are con- 

 nected by luxuriant vines, forming a canopy over the 

 fields. ' There," says Goethe, " it is worth while to 

 till the ground." 



CAMPANILE; a detached tower, in some parts of 

 Italy, erected for the purpose of containing bells. 

 Several of them have deviated considerably from the 

 perpendicular, in consequence of their great height 

 ami narrowness of base. The campanile of Pisa, 

 called Torre Pendenfe, or Hanging Tower, is the 

 most remarkable of these. Its height is 150 feet, 

 and it inclines nearly thirteen feet from the perpen- 

 dicular. The tower consists of eight stories, eacli of 

 which is surrounded by columns. See Bologna. 



CAMPBELL, Archibald, earl and marquis of Argyle, 

 was born in 1598. He was a zealous partisan of the 

 covenanters. Charles I. created him a marquis in 

 1641, notwithstanding the opposition he had shown 

 to his favourite object of effecting a conformity be- 

 tween the churches of Scotland and England. It 

 was by his persuasion that Charles II. visited Scot- 

 land, and was crowned at Scone in 165J. At the 

 restoration he was committed to the Tower, and after 

 lying there five months, was sent to Scotland, where 

 he was tried for high treason, and beheaded in 1661. 



CAMPBELL, Archibald, earl of Argyle, was the son 

 of the above, and served the king with great bravery 

 at the battle of Dunbar, and was exempted out of 

 the general pardon by Cromwell in 1654, for his ex- 

 ertions in favour of the royal cause. He was after- 

 wards made a privy counsellor, and one of the lords 

 of the treasury. When the duke of York was in 

 Holland, advantage was made of the earl of Argyle's 

 refusal to take contradictory oaths, to try him again 

 for treason, and he was once more condemned to 

 suffer death by a most iniquitous act. He, however, 

 escaped to Holland, from whence he returned with 

 several other disaffected persons, and landed in the 

 Highlands, with a view of aiding the duke of Mon- 

 mouth. The plan, however, failed ; and he was 

 taken by some country people, who conveyed him to 

 Edinburgh, where he was beheaded in 1685. 



CAMPBELL, John, the second duke of Argyle, and 

 duke of Greenwich, was the son of Archibald duke 

 of Argyle, by Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Lionel Tal- 

 mash. He was born in 1671. In 1706 he served 

 under the duke of Marlborough, and was brigadier- 

 general at the battle of Ramilies. He also distin- 

 guished himself as a statesman, and was a promoter 

 of the union, for which he incurred considerable 

 odium in his own country. He commanded at the 

 battles of Oudenarde and Malplaquet with great 

 honour, nnd assisted at the sieges of Lisle and Gheut 



For these services he was made a knight of the gar. 

 ter in 1710, and the year following was sent ambas- 

 sador to Charles III. of Spain, lie was also ap- 

 pointed commander-in-chief of the English forces 

 there. In 1712 he had the military command in 

 Scotland, of which post lie was soon after deprived 

 for opposing the court measures ; but on the acces- 

 sion of George I. he was restored, and received ad- 

 ditional honours. In 1715 he engaged the earl of 

 Mar's army at Dumblane, and forced the Pretender 

 to quit the kingdom. In 1718 he was created an 

 English peer by the title of duke of Greenwich. He 

 filled successively several hiph offices, or which he 

 was deprived for his opposition to Sir Robert Wai 

 pole, but on the removal of that minister he was re- 

 placed. He died in 1743, and was buried in West- 

 minster abbey, where is a noble monument to his 

 memory. 



CAMPBELL, George, a distinguished Scottish divine, 

 was born at Aberdeen, in 1709. He was educated at 

 Marischal college, and afterwards articled to a writer 

 of the signet at Edinburgh. In 1741 , he relinquished 

 the law, and studied divinity. In 1759, he was ap- 

 pointed principal of Marischal college. In 1763, he 

 published his celebrated Dissertation on Miracles, in 

 answer to the Essay on Miracles of Mr Hume. This 

 Dissertation was translated into the French and Dutch 

 languages. In 1771, C. was chosen professor of di- 

 vinity, and, in 1776, gave to the world his Philosophy 

 of Rhetoric, which established his reputation as an 

 accurate grammarian, a sound critic, and a tasteful 

 scholar. He also published occasional sermons. The 

 last work which he lived to publish, was his Transla- 

 tion of the Gospels, with Preliminary Dissertations 

 and Notes (2 vols. 4to). He died in 1796. Besides 

 the works already mentioned, his Lectures on Syste- 

 matic Theology and the Pastoral Character (folio) 

 have been printed since his death ; as also his Lec- 

 tures on the Ecclesiastical Character (2 vols. 8vo), 

 with his life prefixed. 



CAMPBELL, John, a miscellaneous writer, was born 

 at Edinburgh, and removed, when young, to England. 

 His earliest productions are not certainly known ; but, 

 in 1736, he published the Military History of Prince 

 Eugene and the Duke of Marlborough (2 vols. folio), 

 which gained him so much reputation, that he was en- 

 gaged, soon after, to assist in writing the ancient part 

 of the Universal History, in 60 vols. 8vo. In 1742, he 

 published the first two volumes of the Lives of the 

 Admirals and other British Seamen, the two last 

 volumes of which appeared in 1744. In 1745 com- 

 menced the publication of the Biographia Britannica, 

 one of the most important undertakings in which C. 

 was engaged. The, articles written by him, extending 

 through four volumes of the work, are, both in point 

 of style and matter, much superior to those of his 

 coadjutors. They are liable, however, to one general 

 censure, arising from the almost unvarying strain of 

 panegyric, in which the writer indulges, and which 

 has repeatedly subjected him to critical animadversion. 

 In 1750, he published the Present State of Europe, 

 containing much historical and political information. 

 He was then employed on the modern part of the 

 Universal History. His last and favourite work was 

 a Political Survey of Great Britain (1774, 2 vols. 4to). 

 C. died December 28, 1775. 



CAMPBELLTOW.V, or CAMPBELTON, a parish occupying 

 the middle part of the peninsula of Cantire, in Argyle- 

 shire ; in length eleven miles, and in breadth from 

 six to ten. 



Campbelltoicn, a royal burgh, the capital of the 

 above parish, lies at the bottom of a beautiful salt 

 water lake, or inlet of the sea, of about two miles in 

 length, by less than one in breadth, which appears 

 quite land locked, by reason of two conical insular 



