406 



CONRADIN CONSCRIPTION. 



amounting to an admission of right. The conqueror 

 usually appropriates the public domains to hiiu*clf, 

 and generally leaves private property in possession 

 of the original proprietors. 



Whenever there is a re-conquest or re-occupation 

 by the original proprietors, their original right re- 

 turns by tiiejiu postliminii ; and no intervening title, 

 unless confirmed by treaty, or by some other mode, 

 as above stated, is recognized, although it may liave 

 passed into the hands of a neutral. Where a con- 

 quest is temporary, it gives validity to titles to im- 

 movable property only while it lasts. It merely sus- 

 pends the rights of the former proprietors at the 

 conqueror's choice ; but these rights revive as soon 

 as the conquest is abandoned. The same thing is 

 true as to the laws of the conquered territory, whe- 

 ther it be a town, province, or state. The conqueror 

 may, if he chooses, suspend all the common laws 

 which regulate persons or property, during his oc- 

 cupation, and impose new ones ; but the old laws 

 revive as soon as the conquest is surrendered or 

 abandoned. Acts, however, done during the pos- 

 session by the conqueror, according to his laws, are 

 considered as rightful for many purposes. Thus, if 

 goods are imported into a conquered territory, with 

 the consent of the conqueror, they are not liable to 

 forfeiture afterwards, although prohibited by the laws 

 of the country antecedent to the conquest. But the 

 prohibitory laws revive, as soon as the territory is re- 

 gained, by their own force, proprio vigore. 



In general, the laws of a conquered territory re- 

 main in full force until they are altered by the con- 

 queror. As soon as the conqueror receives the par- 

 ties under his protection by capitulation or otherwise, 

 they become his subjects ; and they are entitled to 

 ,have their persons and property secure from violation. 



The question is often asked, To whom do things 

 taken in war belong ? to the captors, or to their so- 

 vereign ? The true answer is, To the sovereign. 

 Whatever is acquired in war is acquired by the state ; 

 and the manner in which the property so acquired 

 shall be disposed of or distributed depends upon the 

 orders of the state. In cases of prizes upon the 

 ocean, it is usual for the state to distribute the pro- 

 perty captured, after condemnation, as a bounty 

 among the captors. 



CONRADIN of Suabia ; the last of the imperial 

 house of the Hohenstaufen (q. v.) ; son of Conrad 

 IV., and grandson of the emperor Frederic II., from 

 whom he inherited Naples and Sicily in 1254. Pope 

 Clement IV. would not acknowledge him, because 

 he was the son of a prince who died in excommuni- 

 cation, and therefore conferred Sicily on Charles of 

 Anjou, brother to Louis IX. (St Louis), king of 

 France. As the administration of Charles occasion- 

 ed great dissatisfaction, the people called in Con- 

 radino, as he was termed by the Italians. He came, 

 accompanied by his friend, Frederic, prince of Baden, 

 with about 10,000 men, in 1267. At first, fortune 

 seemed to favour him ; in 1268, he entered 

 Rome at the head of his army; but, at Taglia- 

 cozzo, he was defeated, and, on his flight, be- 

 trayed by Frangipani, and taken prisoner with his 

 friend. Charles of Anjou, with the consent of the 

 pope, ordered them to be beheaded, October 25, 

 1268, in the market place of Naples. Conradin was 

 but sixteen years old. He died with admirable firm- 

 ness, after having declared his relation, Peter of Ar- 

 ragon, the heir of his realm. Peter gained posses- 

 sion of Sicily in 1282, when the Sicilian vespers put 

 an end to the French power in tliat country. It is 

 supposed that a German poem, a Minnelied, or love 

 song, the second in the Manessian collection, and 

 bearing the name of king Conrad, was composed by 

 him. lie had inherited a love for the German lan- 



guage and poetry from his grandfather Frederic II. 

 See Frederic von Raumer's (ieschichte der Hutien- 

 staufen und ihrer Zeii, 6 vols., Leipsic, 1825. 



CONRING, HERMANN, one of the greatest schol- 

 ars of his time, was born at Norden, in East Friesland, 

 in 1606. He survived an attack of the plague, and 

 afterwards studied at Helmstadt and Ley den, devot- 

 ing himself. chiefly to theology and medicine; was 

 appointed, in 1632, professor of philosophy at Helm- 

 stadt, in 1636, professor of medicine, and re- 

 mained in this city until his death in 1681. He was 

 distinguished in almost every department of know 

 ledge, and was invited, in 1649, by the princess of 

 East Friesland, to be her physician. In 1650, he re- 

 ceived a similar invitation from Christina, queen of 

 Sweden, and, in 1664, a pension from Louis XIV. 

 At a later period, the title of a counsellor was confer- 

 red on him by the kings of Denmark and Sweden and 

 the elector of the Palatinate. He was then made 

 professor of law. The German emperor likewise dis- 

 tinguished him. From far and near his advice 

 was sought in political and legal cases. He did a 

 great deal for the history of the German em- 

 pire, and for the improvement of German public law, 

 in which he opened a new path. He wrote, it is true, 

 no new system or compendium, but many treatises on 

 particular subjects, highly serviceable for others, and 

 educated many celebrated scholars. Such were his 

 acquirements, and his confidence in his ability to ap- 

 ply them, that he is said, on ottering his hand to a 

 lady, to have asked her whether she would like to 

 have him a theologian, jurist, diplomatist, or phy- 

 sician. His complete works, with his biography, 

 were published in 1730, in Brunswick, 6 vols., fol., 

 by Goebel. They contain political, historical, medi- 

 cal, philosophical, juridical, &c., treatises, besides 

 letters and poems. 



CONSALVI, ERCOLE, cardinal and prime minister 

 of pope Pius VII., was born, in 1757, at Toscanella. 

 His views on the French revolution, publicly expres- 

 sed, gained him the favour of the aunts of Louis XVI., 

 ai d, through the influence of these ladies, he became 

 auditor of the rota at Rome. In this capacity, he was 

 cnarged to have an eye upon the friends of the French, 

 which he did with great strictness, and, on this ac- 

 count, was banished when the French entered Rome, 

 in 1798. He afterwards became secretary of cardi- 

 nal Chiaramonti, and, when his patron was elected 

 pope (Pius VII.), became one of the first cardinals, 

 and afterwards secretary of state. Consalvi was the 

 person who concluded the famous concordate with 

 Napoleon. In 1806, cardinal Casoni de Sarzana 

 took his place, and Consalvi lived, like his master, 

 in a kind of retirement. In 1814, he became papal 

 minister at the congress of Vienna, where he effect- 

 ed the restoration of the marks and legations to the 

 pope. Jn 1815, he conducted the negotiations with 

 France ; at the same time, he drew up the celebrat- 

 ed edict motu proprio. Until the death of Pius VII., 

 he remained at the head of all the political and ec- 

 clesiastical affairs of the Roman government, and pos- 

 sessed the fullest confidence of the pope. He gave 

 a large sum to erect a monument to his master, and 

 died in Rome, Jan. 24, 1824. 



CONSCRIPTION ; the enlisting (enrolment, in 

 French) of the inhabitants of a country capable of 

 bearing arms, by a compulsory levy, at the pleasure 

 of the government. It is distinguished from recruit- 

 ing, or voluntary enlistment. The name is derived 

 from the military constitution of ancient Rome. 

 Every Roman citizen was obliged to serve as a sol- 

 dier from his 17th to his 45th year ; hence no re- 

 cruiting, in the modern sense of the word, took place, 

 but only levying (delectus). According to law, four 

 legions of infantry (6666 men composing one legion) 



