CORPUS JURIS CORRECTION OF THE PRESS. 



its natural course. In another case, the physician 

 declared that the deceased had died of the lock-jaw, 

 occasioned by a wound, whilst the legal examiners 

 maintained that the wound had been without influ- 

 ence upon his death. 



CORPUS JURIS (body of law) is a name given to 

 the Justinian code and collections, in the 12th cen- 

 tury, when the separate portions began to be con- 

 sidered as one whole. Under this name are included 

 ,iie Pandects, in three parts; the fourth part, con- 

 taining 1 the nine first books of the Code ; the fifth 

 part, called the Volume, containing the Institutes, 

 the Novels, or Authentics, in nine subdivisions or 

 collations ; in addition to which, the collections of 

 feudal laws, and the modern imperial edicts, forming 

 a tenth collation, and the three remaining books of 

 the code, are comprised in the Corpus Juris. Some 

 scholars have attempted to add the later edicts of 

 the Romano-German emperors, as an eleventh colla- 

 tion. This, however, is not acknowledged, and the 

 Corpus Juris civilis has been, since the time of Ac- 

 cursius, considered as completed. Those parts, even 

 of the Justinian collection of laws which were 

 brought by early commentators within the circle of 

 their critical examinations, have not acquired, in the 

 European courts of judicature, any legal authority, 

 although they have been since received into the 

 entire collection of the Roman law. With the cano- 

 nical or papal laws, the same mode of proceeding 

 has been adopted. From the old resolves of the 

 councils, and the papal decrees, genuine and spuri- 

 ous, Gratian, in die middle of the 12th century, 

 collected his Concordantia discordantium- Canonum, 

 afterwards called the Decretum. In the 13th cen- 

 tury, a collection of still later papal decisions or 

 decretals, in five books (compiled by order of Gre- 

 gory IX., by Raymond of Pennafort, in 1234), was 

 added. These decretals were considered as supple- 

 mentary and additional, and were therefore described 

 and cited by the name of extra. Boniface VIII., 

 (1298) allowed the addition of a sixth book. Cle- 

 ment V. added the decrees of the ecclesiastical 

 council of Vienne (1311), under the name of the 

 Clementines, or the seventh book of decretals, which 

 completed the Corpus Juris Canonid, although pope 

 John XXII., about, 1340, and a learned individual, 

 about 1488, collected further decretals of the popes, 

 which were added as supplements, under the name of 

 the E.i'travagantes. The name of Corpus Juris has 

 also been given to many other codes and private col- 

 lections or laws. There is a Corpus Juris Germanici 

 Antiqui, by Georgisch ; a Corpus Juris Feudalis, and 

 a Corpus Juris Germanici, pub/id el privati, Medii 

 ^Kvi, by Senkenberg ; a Corpus Juris Militaris, pub- 

 lished at Leipsic, &c. An edition of the Corpus 

 ./Mm, which may correspond to the improvements of 

 the age, and the progress of knowledge, has, for a 

 long time, been a desideratum. Lately, a very con- 

 venient edition for ordinary use has been under- 

 taken by J. L.\V. Beck, of which two volumes have 

 already appeared (Leipsic). A complete critical edi- 

 tion has also been prepared by professor Schrader, of 

 Tubingen. 



CORREA DE SERRA, JOSEPH FRANCIS, a learn- 

 ed Portuguese scholar, was bom at Serpa, in the 

 province of Alentejo, in 1750. He commenced his 

 studies at Rome, finished his education at Naples, 

 under the care of the celebrated abbe Genovesi, ami 

 afterwards devoted himself to the study of the an- 

 cient languages and botany at Rome. At the age 

 of twenty-seven he returned to his native land, witii 

 his friend the duke of Lafoens. Correa was now ac- 

 tively engaged in the establishment of the royal 

 academy of sciences at Lisbon, of which the duke of 

 Lafoens was the founder, and the celebrated Pombftl 



the patron. The former was appointed president of 

 the academy, and Correa standing secretary. Both 

 acted in concert, and their exertions established a 

 cabinet of natural curiosities, a laboratory, &c., and 

 particularly an important printing-office, which they 

 succeeded in freeing from all restraints of the press. 

 Correa prepared, with the assistance of the members 

 of the academy, a collection of unpublished docu- 

 ments (monumentos ineditos), relating to the history 

 of his native country. In his botanical researches, 

 he investigated the physiology of plants with distin- 

 guished ability. But, being exposed to the danger 

 of becoming a victim to intolerance, he was obliged 

 to take a hasty leave of Portugal. He visited Paris 

 in 1786. Here he associated with Broussonet, the 

 naturalist, on the most intimate terms. After the 

 death of Peter III. of Portugal, his enemies lost their 

 influence, and he returned to Portugal. Subsequent- 

 ly, Broussonet, flying for the reign of terror, ar- 

 rived in Lisbon, where his connexion with Correa 

 procured for him a flattering reception from the 

 duke of Lafoens. But the French emigrants, who 

 could not forgive Broussonet, for the share which he 

 had taken in the first movements of the French re- 

 volution, denounced him to the tribunal of the inqui- 

 sition as a Jacobine and a freemason, and implicated 

 even his friend Correa. Nothing remained for Cor. 

 rea but to seek safety in flight, as Broussonet had 

 already done. At this time, the duke of Lafoeng 

 kept him concealed several days in the royal libra- 

 ry. Correa then went to London, where Sir Joseph 

 Banks, president of the roy;d society, received him 

 under his protection, and introduced him to the so- 

 ciety, and he was elected a member. He enriched 

 the memoirs of the society with dissertations on sub- 

 jects of natural history. By the interposition of the 

 count of Linhares, minister of the Portuguese 

 marine, he was appointed counsellor of legation to 

 the embassy at London. After the peace of Amiens, 

 Correa resigned this post, and resided eleven years 

 at Paris, where the institute elected him a member. 

 In 1813, his scientific zeal carried him to the United 

 States of North America. While there, the govern- 

 ment of Portugal appointed him minister pienipo 

 tentiary to the United States. Of the period of his 

 death we have no account. 



CORRECTION OF THE PRESS. As it is of 

 much importance for every one who appears in 

 print to be able to correct the errors which occur in 

 setting up the types, we have thought that a short 

 account of the characters employed by printers for 

 this purpose might be acceptable to many of out 

 readers. The first impression taken from the types 

 is called a proof ; and almost always contains some 

 errors. If the person who corrects these does not 

 understand the various signs used in correcting by 

 the printers, he is very liable to have his meaning 

 mistaken ; and many of the errors which occur 

 in books are to be referred to this source. Of the 

 printers' signs, the most important are those which 

 follow: When a wrong word or letter occurs, a 

 mark is made through it, and the proper word 

 or letter written in the margin opposite the line in 

 which the error occurs. If a word or letter is 

 omitted, a caret (A) is placed under the place where 

 it should have stood, and the omission is written on 

 the margin. If a superfluous letter occurs, it is 

 crossed out, and the character A , signifying dete^ 

 written in the margin. Where words are impro- 

 perly joined, a caret is written under the place where 

 the separation should be made, and the character fl 

 written in the margin. When syllables are impro- 

 perly separated, they are joined by a horizontal pa- 

 renthesis; as, du ty. This parenthesis is to be made 

 2 o 2 



