484 



COTTON. 



pulley K when it ri.-es with the shaft (>, conies nearer to th.- 

 ..utre nf tin- Irirtion plate J, and of course the rove increases 

 the number of its revolutions, aud vice ver*a. 



The tube frame belong* to the same description of machines 

 as the fly frame, but differs from it in construction, and is MI. 

 perior to it in -<.m- respect*, but inferior in others. The tube 

 frame produces about live times an much roving as the fly frame, 

 but of a much coarser quality, -o th .t it 4 rove can only be em. 

 ployed for the coarsest numbers of yarn. Itgives no twist, and 

 requires the interposition of another machine, before the roving 

 can be carried to the spinning jenny ; \vhereas all sorts of rov- 

 ing ran be prepared by the fly frame. 



An end view, plan, and elevation of the tube frame are given 

 in plate XX1I1. A is the driving pulley, 1) I) the rove rones, 

 K K the. back roller beam, li li the (rout roller i>eam. 1' T the 

 tubes through hu-h the rove pa-se, which, by their revolu- 

 tions on their axis, have the property of compressing the rove 

 by first twining mid then untwining it. S S the rove sloughs, 

 which are driven by the fluted blocks r r. R the pulley over 

 whirh tlu- tube etrap passes, and thence along the tubes. H in 

 the carriage upon which the rove sloughs are placed. V V V 

 tlu- w 'heels on which the carriage travels on the rails m m in. 

 O the mangle wheel driven by a pinion on the end of the shaft 

 L. g a pinion on the axis of the mangle wheel, which works 

 in the ruck t. and by means of it the rod on the building r:u-k is 

 moved. The carriage H receives its motion from the rod H. 

 which is connected farther down on the building rack, which 

 rod is lowered by the catches k k, every time the carriage tra- 

 vels, and thus shortens the length of its motion upon the rails 

 in order to taper the building of the rove upon the sloughs, 

 n is the tube strap which passes over a pulley under the rack 

 X. In the end view r is the fluted block that drives the sloughs. 

 S and n marks the endless strap tint drives the tubec, which, 

 after passing over them and the pulley W. is carried to the other 

 end of the machine, d is a small lever connected with the belt 

 to guide it. 



If the roving has been finished by the fly frame, the bobbins 

 are immediately taken to the jenny; but if it has been pre- 

 pared by the tube frame, it must go through a machine called 

 the stretching frame a name which is certainly misapplied, as 

 the cotton is drawn by it, and not stretched. This machine 

 much resembles the common jenny, and may be thus described. 

 The bobbins with the rove are placed upon a rail, and the cot- 

 ton is led from them through three pairs of rollers similar to 

 those in the drawing machine, and increasing in speed as they 

 recede from the bobbin, by which the cotton receives a draw- 

 ing. It then passes over a roller on to a spindle, made of po. 

 lished steel, which revolves at a considerable rate, and gives a 

 twiit to the thread. When the motion commences, the car- 

 riage on which the spindles are mounted is moved back from 

 the bobbins, the spindles continuing their motion all the while, 

 and thus a twist is given to the roving, which has already un- 

 dergone a reduction in diameter by the action of the rollers. 

 The carriage moves back about four feet, and the spinner 

 guides the thread upon the spindle by means of a rail, building 

 it thick in the middle and tapering towards each end. This, 

 when finished, is called a cop. The characteristic difference 

 between the stretching frame and the mule (which finishes the 

 yarn for one sort of spiuuing) is this, that when the carriage car- 

 rying the spindles has receded from the rollers about one-third 

 cf its whole race, these rollers stop, and, ceasing to deliver 

 more thread to the spindles, all the rest of the time occupied in 

 the motion of the carriage is given to the stretching and twist- 

 ing of the cotton. In the jenny of Hargreave the rove passed 

 through two pieces of wood called the clasp, and when the ror- 

 ings had come through a certain length, the clasp was closed, 

 when the spinner stretched the roves with his finger, and the 

 twist was given by the spindle. Arkwright added rollers, on 

 the principle of those in the stretching machine, which, by their 

 difference of velocities, stretched the threads to their proper 

 grist, and the twist was given by an application of the spindle 

 and flyer of the common spinning wheel. The machine in this 

 form is best suited for spinning low numbers, and as it was at 

 first driven by water wheels it has been called the water frame. 

 In the water frame each head, that is, a combination of from 

 four to six spindles, is driven by an independent set of geering, 

 so that any one may be stopped at pleasure, which arrange! 

 ment canses considerable complexity in the machinery, but an 

 improvement was made afterwards by connecting all the roll. 

 ere on both sides together, and giving motion to the whole nf 

 the spindles by bands from one cylinder at the end of the ma- 

 chine. This simplification of the spinning frame constitutes the 

 throstle. The flyer on this and the water frame is the same as 

 that described in the fly frame. In the first jenny the cotton 

 was stretched and not drawn ; in Arkwright'a it is drawn but 

 not stretched. But Mr Crompton, by arranging the machinery 

 so that the drawing rollers stopped when the carriage had 

 moved back a certain part of its distance, the rest being em- 

 ployed in stretching, combined the principles of both, and 

 formed the spinning machine called the mule. It would be i;n- 

 possible to enter into a minute description of all these ma- 

 chines, and we shall therefore confine ourselves to a description 

 of the organ jenny, preferred for its compactness and general 

 excellence. 



Plate XXI. contains end and front elevations, together with 

 aground plan of the organ jenny, of which the following is a 

 description. The same parts in all the views are marked by 

 tiie same letters, in order to avoid circumlocution, and at the 

 t^me time to give the reader a more comprehensive view of 

 the relative situation of the more minute portions of the ma- 

 chinery. A is the fixed pulley shaft carrying the speed pulley B: 

 C is the speed wheel ; D a second speed uuliey ; E a second 

 ipeed wheel) and G a change bevel pinion on the top of the shaft 



A, driving the !. 1 1 wheel 11 on the top of the Mix! t I. Hits 

 I .-t shall I carries another bevel, J, which drives another be- 

 vel, K, on the diagonal shaft L. The diagonal sh;ilt L fairies 

 another beveled wheel, M, in pitch with the bevel N on 

 the front roller O. On the front roller O is fixeu a small pinion 

 P, which drives the crown wheel Q, to the top of which is at- 

 tached the grist pinion R, whirh Krist pinion drives another pi- 

 nion, S, on the back roller T, on the off end of the back ol which is 

 fixed the pinion U, for tin- purpose of giving motion to the mid 

 roller V, which is effected by means ot the intermnliati. pinion 

 W and the mid roller pinion. X and Y are the saddle burs on 

 which the middle rollers are placed ; Z is the drum band, driven 

 by the twist pulley, which is fixed near the bottom ot a shaft, 

 upon which are also fixed two wheel*, working in pitch with 

 the speed wheels C and K. This drum band is earned over a 

 loose pulley, which moves in a slanting direction into the car- 

 riage a, and woiks in a groove at the top of b. The spindle 

 drum, which drives the wnarve upon the spindle d, is driven by 

 ;i small baud, tliat passes round b, the spindle drum, e is the 

 squaring, which keeps the carriage a steady and parallel ; th.it 

 part of the squaring band which works in the grooves of f (the 

 squaring band pulley) is made of hemp and the remainder >( 

 wire, g is the iron rail or rod on which the carriage wheels c 

 are guided. The spindle frame h is that part in the top of 

 which are the collars, and at the bottom of which the steps in 

 which the spindles d work, i is the folder or guide, and k 

 the under guide, by means of which the yarn is built upon the 

 spindles d, which are made to revolve by the handle 1 and the 

 bevel wheels m and n, so as to take on the yarn while the car- 

 riage is made to approach the rollers, o is the guide support. 

 The horizontal shaft I communicates motion to the whole ma- 

 chine, excepting the twist pulley, the turns of which, however, 

 it also regulates, by means of p, the twist pinion, which it drives 

 by means of a screw or scroll, V, at its extremity, r is the 

 mendoza pillion on the shaft 1. driving c, the inendi.za wheel, 

 which is li s cil on a shaft, at the bottom of which is the mendoza 

 pulley. The mendoza pulley gives motion to the carriage a, by 

 means of the meudoza hand t. The carriage a shifts the first 

 stretch, and when there is a second, the second draw-levers, by 

 means of a rod which lies in a horizontal position beneath tin* 

 carriage and alongside the mendoza band t '1 here are two 

 catches uear the extremity of this rod, which come into con- 

 tact with a finger plate attached to the carriage, by which 

 means the first and second draw levers are disengaged. By dis- 

 engagingthe first of these, the bevel k, fixed on the diagonal 

 shaft, and the mendoza wheel s, fall out of geer. When the 

 bevel k falls out of pitch, the rollers O, V, T cease to revolve ; 

 and when the mendoza wheel s falls out of pitch, (which it 

 does at the same instant with the bevel K,) the second draw 

 wheel, which is on the same shaft, and immediately under s, 

 and in pitch with the second draw-pinion on the extremity of an 

 intermediate shaft, is driven by the wheel w aud the pinion v, 

 by which means the second stretch is given to the yarn. Near 

 the bottom, and attached to the twist rod or shaft W, is a small 

 finger plate x, and also near it, but not connected with it, is 

 an upright lever, upon which are two notches, like the teeth of 

 a rack. Another small finger plate is fixed upon an upright 

 rod, which shifts the driving-belt lever, and this finger plate 

 rests upon the upper notch of the upright lever. When the 

 mendoza shaft falls into the second draw geer, it shifts this up. 

 right lever by means of connecting rods and a tumbler; thus al- 

 lowing the finger plate upon the rod which shifts the belt lever 

 to fall into the second notch, and thereby causing the belt to 

 pass from the pulley B to D. The finger plate x also comes 

 into contact with the upright lever at every turn of the shaft 

 W, on which it is fixed, and allows the finger plate on the rod 

 which shifts the belt lever to fall below the second notch, by 

 which means the belt is brought down upon the loose pulley 

 F. V is the loose drum band pulley ; Z the loose mendoza pul- 

 ley; A A the creel which contains the rove bobbins in three 

 rows ; B B the frame which contains the geering. 



The following statements may not be uninteresting to the 

 general reader, and will fnruish very useful data to the practi- 

 cal man. 



A steam engine, 85 horses' power, drives 



1 willow, 



2 scutching machines, 

 2 spreading machines, 



100 cards, each 24 inches broad, 

 120 cards, each so inches broad, 

 22 drawing frames, average 9 heads each, 

 9 can slabbing frames, average 2 cans each, 

 14 slabbing fly frames, average 20 spindles each, 

 2 tube frames, average 36 tubes each. 

 41 finishing fly frames, average 39 spindles each, 

 9 stretching frames, average 78 spiudles each, 

 Spindles 36,000. 

 \ arn spun, average No 63. 



Quantity of yarn produced, weekly average, 8750 Ibs. 

 In Scotland, the yarn, when it comes from the spinner, is 

 wound upon reels, the reel being fifty-four inches in circumfe- 

 rence. The yarn is tied into skeins of eighty threads each, 

 seven of which make a number or hank, and the fineness of 

 the yarn is determined by the number of hanks in a pound : 

 thus, No. 63 contains 63 hanks in one pound. 

 As to the relative prices of yarns of different degrees of fine- 

 ness, Mr Macfarlane gives the following data. Ad. 50 List 

 Rising every two Nos. from 18 to 26, id; from 26 to 46, id ; 

 46 to 64, 3 8d ; 64 to 84, Jd ; 84 to 94, Vd. By the No. 120 Lilt: 

 falling Id. every two Nos. to 90, aud rising every two Nos. from 

 Mi to 13(1 by id. ; 130 to 140,3d.; 140 to 160, 4d. , 160 to ISO, 

 5d. ; ISO to 200, 6d. ; 200 to 220, 8d. ; 220 to 240, lOd. ; all above 

 by is. 



