510 



CRANIOLOGY CRANK. 



labyrinth. Having procured as many skulls as 

 possible, of all those persons who had been greatly 

 distinguished for a particular talent or moral quality, 

 he remarked the peculiarities of their shape and com- 

 pared them together. He then collected observations 

 on other individuals, who were remarkable for the 

 weakness of any faculty, and made further com- 

 parisons as to their positive and negative indications. 

 When he liad no other opportunity, he did not scru- 

 ple, as Dr Spurzheim informs us, to address his ques- 

 tions directly to the person in whose head he observed 

 any distinct protuberance. He used to collect arounii 

 him the boys whom he met in the streets of Vienna, 

 where he resided, and induced them, by petty bribes, 

 to confess their own faults and betray those of their 

 companions. He sometimes encouraged them to fight 

 together, to find out which had most courage, and then 

 drew his inferences as to the organ which prompted 

 that sentiment. In the absence of the skulls them- 

 selves, he procured plaster casts, or impressions, of 

 the most remarkable he could hear of, and even 

 induced living individuals to allow their heads to 

 be modelled, to illustrate liis conjectures. The mi- 

 nister of police at Vienna, being his friend, gave 

 him various opportunities of adding to his collection 

 of facts, by permitting him to open the heads of exe- 

 cuted felons and maniacs. Being without any family 

 to provide for, he expended large sums in gratifying 

 his taste in this manner, and amassed an extensive 

 collection of skulls, as well as of heads, in illustration 

 of his doctrines. He availed himself, also, of the aids 

 afforded by comparative anatomy, and procured the 

 skulls of all sorts of animals, with a view to trace the 

 forms and sizes of corresponding organs throughout 

 the whole series. He arranged all the faculties of the 

 mind, with their corresponding organs, (or parts of 

 the brain in which they have their seat,) according as 

 they relate to the feelings and the intellect : the 

 first class comprehending the propensities, all of which 

 are common to men and animals, and the sentiments, 

 (synonymous with the French fame and the German 

 genneth) ; and the second class comprising the facul- 

 ties by which we acquire knowledge, or the knowing 

 faculties, as he terms them ; and also the reflecting 

 faculties, which last compose what the French call 

 /' 'esprit, the Germans gheist, and what we should ge- 

 nerally understand by the term intellect. He asserted 

 that the organs of those faculties which men possess 

 in common with other animals are situated towards the 

 basis, or back part of the brain, while those of the 

 superior faculties, which are peculiar to man, are 

 placed somewhat higher ; and that the organs subser- 

 vient to tlie intellectual faculties occupy exclusively 

 the forehead. The total number of special faculties 

 he makes out to be thirty-tliree, of which he gives us 

 the following enumeration : 



1. Amativeness. 2. Pliiloprogenitiveness. 3. Con- 

 centrativeness. 4. Adhesiveness. 5. Combativeness. 

 6. Destructiveness. 7. Constructiveness. 8. Acquisi- 

 tiveness. 9. Secretiveness. These nine, being com- 

 mon to men and other animals, and occupying the ba- 

 sis of the brain, he calls inferior faculties. The next 

 nine are the second genus of the order of feelings or 

 sentiments ; these are : 10. Self-love, or self-esteem. 

 11. Love of approbation. 12. Cautiousness. 13. 

 Benevolence. 14. Veneration. 15. Hope. 16. Ide- 

 ality. 17. Conscientiousness. 18. Firmness. To 

 the order called Intellect, and the first genus of 

 that order, or the knowing faculties, he assigns the 

 following species ; namely : 19. Individuality. 20. 

 Form. 21. Size. 22. Weight. 23. Colour. 24. 

 Locality. 25. Order. 26. Time. 27. Number. 28. 

 Tune. 29. Language. The second genus of the 

 order Intellect, or the reflecting faculties, contain the 

 following four species : 30. Comparison. . 31. Caus- 

 ality. 32. Wit. 33. Imitation. 



Under the head Phrenology, it is our intention to 

 enter somewhat into the philosophy of this so called 

 science. Meanwhile, we have thought it sufficient, 

 in this place, to point out the little cages in which 

 phrenologists have chosen to confine the passions and 

 acuities of man. 



CRANK ; an iron axis with the end bent like an 

 Ibow, for the purpose of moving a piston, the saw 

 in a sawmill, &c., causing it to rise and fall at every 

 n ; also for turning a grindstone, &c. The com- 

 mon crank affords one of the simplest and most use- 

 ill methods for changing circular into alternate mo- 

 ion, and vice versa. Double and triple cranks are 

 ikewise of the greatest use for transmitting circular 

 motion to a distance. In fact, cranks belong to those 

 'ew simple elements on which the most complicated 

 machines rest, and which, like the lever, are con- 

 stantly employed. The single crank, Fig. 1, can 



