534 



CRIMEA CROATIA. 



cases, the accessory cannot be guilty of a higher 

 offence than lu's principal, lu r*>i>cri in punishment, 

 Uie ancient conunon biw did not make any distinc- 

 tion between accessories and principals.; but by 

 statute, many distinction* arc now mane, and especi- 

 ally regarding accessories after the fact. In the 

 Uiu'ted States, few of the criminal codes have failed 

 to mark out very strong differences in the punishment. 

 Tin -re are, in fact, many reasons which require the 

 distinction lietween principals and accessories to be 

 constantly kept in view. In the first place, in many 

 instances, a man cannot be tried as accessory until 

 after the trial and conviction of the principal. In 

 tin- next place, if a man be indicted as accessory 

 and acquitted, he may still lie indicted as principal. 

 In the third place, as a natural inference from the 

 other considerations, the defence of the accused may, 

 ;iiul often must turn upon very different principles, 

 (vhere he is accused as accessory, from what might 

 or could arise if he were accused as principal. 



In respect to the mode of presentment and trial 

 for oflences. In England, no person can be brought 

 to trial, for any capital offence or felony, except upon 

 the presentment or indictment of a grand jury ; but 

 for inferior offences or misdemeanors, an iufornia- 

 tion, in the nature of an indictment, may be filed by 

 the king's attorney-general, or other proper officer, 

 upon which the party may be put upon trial. Even 

 in such cases, an indictment also lies. In America, 

 informations are rarely resorted to in any of the states 

 in such cases ; and the usual, and, in many cases, 

 tin- only constitutional course is an indictment by a 

 grand jury. All offences, whether charged by in- 

 dictment or information, are, by the common law, to 

 be tried by a jury composed of twelve men, and their 

 verdict is conclusive upon the facts. In the United 

 States, tliis privilege ot trial by jury is generally se- 

 cured by the constitutions of the state and national 

 governments. A privilege often quite as valuable to 

 the accused, is tliat of being assisted by counsel in 

 the management of his defence. It is a curious ano- 

 maly in the English jurisprudence, that counsel are 

 admissible in the argument of facts to the jury only 

 in the highest and lowest offences ; in treason, by 

 the express provision of statute, and in mere mis- 

 demeanors, by the common law. In all capital 

 cases, except treason, the accused is denied this pri- 

 vilege ; and, however important and useful such a 

 Erivilege may be, the introduction of it has been 

 itherto successfully resisted in the British parlia- 

 ment. In the United States, a far different, and, as 

 \ve think, wiser and more humane rule prevails. In 

 all criminal cases, the accused is entitled, as of right, 

 to the assistance of counsel in his defence ; and this 

 right, also, is generally secured by the state and na- 

 tional constitutions of government. This is not the 

 place for a discussion of the value of such a right, 

 though to us it seems recommended by principles of 

 policy as well as of justice and humanity. The mode 

 Df impaneling juries, the right of challenge, and 

 other incidents of criminal trials, l>elong more appro- 

 priately to other heads. See Courts and Jury. 



CRIMEA, or CRIM TARTAR V, anciently Cher- 

 sonesus Taurica ; a peninsula, situated between the 

 44th and 46th degrees of north latitude, and in 34 

 degrees of east longitude. It lies between the Black 

 Sea and the Sea of Azof, and is estimated to be 208 

 miles in length and 124 in breadth. It was first oc- 

 cupied by wandering tribes of Tartars, who were 

 subdued by the Turks. In 1791, it was ceded to 

 Russia by the Turkish government. It produces 

 wheat, rye, barley, millet, flax, and tobacco. The 

 inhabitants of the Crimea amount to about 160,000 

 persons. The following cut represents the male 

 costume : 



They are all Mohammedans temperate in their Iia- 

 bits, and mild in their dispositions. See Taurida. 



CRISIS (from Kf'iruv. to decide), in medicine ; a 

 point in a disease, at which a decided change for the 

 better or the worse takes place. The crisis is most 

 strongly marked in the case of acute diseases, and 

 with strong patients, particularly if the course of the 

 disease is not checked by energetic treatment. At 

 the approach of a crisis, the disease appears to take 

 a more violent cliaracter, and the disturbance of the 

 system reaches the lu'ghest point. If the change is 

 for the better, the violent symptoms cease with a 

 copious perspiration, or some other discliarge from, 

 the system. In cases where the discharge may have 

 been too violent, and the nobler organs have been 

 greatly deranged, or where the constitution is too 

 weak to resist the disease, the patient's condition be- 

 comes worse. In regular fevers, the crisis takes 

 place on regular days, which are called critical dayt 

 (the 7th, 14th, and 21st) ; sometimes, however, a 

 little sooner or later, according to the climate and the 

 constitution of the patient. A bad turn often pro- 

 duces a crisis somewhat sooner. When the turn is 

 favourable, the crisis frequently occurs a little later. 

 After a salutary crisis, the patient feels himself re- 

 lieved, and the dangerous symptoms cease. It hardly 

 need be mentioned, that the word crisis is figuratively 

 used for a decisive point in any important affair or 

 business ; for instance, in politics. 



CRISPIN ; the name of two legendary saints, 

 whose festival is celebrated on the 25th of October. 

 They are said to have been born at Rome, about 303 

 A.D., and to have travelled to France to propagate 

 Christianity, where they died as martyrs. During 

 their mission, .they maintained themselves by shoe- 

 making ; hence they are the patrons of shoemakers. 



CRITICAL PHILOSOPHY. See Kant, and 

 Philosophy. 



CROATIA ; a kingdom of the Austrian monarchy, 

 connected with Hungary. It is divided into Civil 

 and Military Croatia. The former contains 3665 

 square miles, 441,000 inhabitants, seven cities, six- 

 teen market towns, 1827 villages, and consists of the 

 three counties of Agram, CreuU, and the Hungarian 

 Littorale (of which the principal place is Fiume). It 

 is watered by the Drave, Save, Culpa, and Unna. 

 and bounded by Hungary, Sclavonia, Bosnia, Dal- 

 niiitia. Illyria, and Styria. Military Croatia (see 

 (Military Districts] contains 6100, according to some, 

 4884, square miles, with 414,800 inhabitants, in six 

 cities, six market towns, and 1241 villages. The 



