CRUSTACEA CRYPTOGAMIA. 



553 



Anthura gracilis, pi. 30, f. 19. Antennas nearly equal ; body 

 lini'iir ; anterior feet with a movable claw ; lateral laminae of 

 the tail foliaceous. 



FAMILY IV. ASBLLOTA. 



Last abdominal segment devoid of swimming appendages. 



The genera are A&ellus, Janira, and Jaera. 



FAMILY V. IDOTKIDF.S. 



Branchial appendages situated under the post-abdomen, co- 

 vered by the valves of the last segment ; four antennas in a 

 transverse line, lateral ones with a filamentous termination ; 

 post-abdomen of three segments. 



Tin- genera are Idotea, and 



Stenosoma iineare, pi. 30, f. 20. Body oblong, of seven trans- 

 verse segments ; exterior antennae as long as the body, third 

 joint longer than the fourth. 



SECTION II. TERRESTRIA. 



The two intermediate antennae hardly visible, one or two 

 jointed ; post-abdomen of six segments ; posterior margin of 

 the last with two or four cleft styles. 



FAMILY VI. ONISCIDES. 



Consisting of the true Ouiscae. 



The genera are Ligia, Philoscia, Oniscus, Porcellio, and 



Armadillo Vulgarii, pi. 30, f. 21. Exterior antennae seven, 

 jointed, placed on each side of a notch of the hood ; eyes gra- 

 uular and lateral ; body gibbous and arched; tail consisting of 

 six segments, the last triangular and short, but its appendages 

 not projecting ; seven pairs of limbs. 



ORDER VI. LOPHYROPODA. 



Head not distinct from the trunk ; eye, or eyes, compound 

 and sessile; shell sometimes of two pieces, usually large; no 

 palpi on the mandibles ; jaws destitute of branchiae ; feet va- 

 riable in number, fitted for swimming, simple, or branched, or 

 formed of hairy laminae, organs of respiration supposed to be 

 situated in them. 



FAMILY I. UNIVALVIA. 



Shell in cne piece, the most part of the body being un- 

 covered. 



Cyclops quadricornis, pi. 30, f. 22. Elongated, conical, and 

 oval; one-eyed; four simple antennae ; two mandibles; no 

 palpi, but having processes behind, which represent jaws and 

 pedipalpi ; eight feet ; tail long, forked. 



FAMILY II. OSTRACODA. 



Shell either folded in two, or in the form of two valves united 

 by a hinge, and enveloping the body. 



The genera are Polyphemus, Daphnia, Lynceus, Ceytherina, 

 and 



Cyprit ornata, pi. 30, f. 23. Body and head united without 

 any visible segment; tail soft, folded below, having two fila- 

 ments at its point ; shell bivalve, oval ; provided with a large 

 spherical eye, beneath which are two long setaceous antennae, 

 terminated by a bundle of twelve or fifteen hairs ; feet six. 



ORDER VII. PHYLLOPODA. 



Head not distinct from the trunk ; eyes sessile, smooth, and 

 approximate ; antennae very short ; shield crustacenus, free 

 behind ; mandibles two ; destitute of palpi ; the first pair of 

 feet oar-shaped, the other sixty set in pairs, and fitted for swim- 

 ming. 



FAMILY I. ASPIDIFHOBA. 



Eyes not placed on peduncle*. 



The genera are Limuadia aud A pus. 



FAMILY II CERATOPHTHALMA 



Having no shell, and the eyes seated on peduncles. 



Tin- genera are Artemia and 



Branchipu* itagnalit, pi. 30, f. 24. Elongated ; nearly filiform 

 aud soft ; head distinct, having two or four filiform antennae ; 

 two reticulated eyes ; two kinds of horns in front, those in the 

 males largest ; feet of equal lengths, formed for swimming; tail 

 of six or nine segments the posterior two with elongated leaf- 



ORUER VIII. XYPHOSUR^. 



Body in two parts ; without a siphon ; base of the feet, ex- 

 cept the last, spinous, which serve as jaws ; with a hard twin 

 t-hell covering the whole body, having longitudinal furrows 

 above; termination of the body sabre-shaped. 



This order consists of but one species, Limulus Polyphemus. 

 . ORDER IX. SIPHONOSTOMA. 

 FAMILY I. CALIOIDEB. 



Body somewhat ova), with a distinct shell. 



The genera are Argulut, Cnligus, tit-crops, and 



AnthosomaSmithii, pi. 30, f.25. Rounded; antennae six-joint- 

 ed ; abdomen narrow, with two foliaceous laminae on the back, 

 and six under the belly ; twelve feet, the beak between the 

 first and sixth anterior providt-d with hooks ; extremity of the 

 abdomen with two oviferons, cylindrical, and elongated tubes. 

 FAMILY II. LKRN,EIPOHMES. 



Destitute of shell; body near y cylindrical, jointed, and worm- 

 shaped. 



This family consists but of one species, Dichelesthium Stu- 

 rionis. 



Many fossil species have been found, which naturalists refer 

 to existing genera. 



Anatomy of a Plagnsia, Order I., Family I., pi. 30, f. 31. 

 Head, a, a. Eyes, f. 32, an eye seated on its pedicle ; f. 35, tail; 

 f. 29 aud 34, teeth ; f. 28 and 30, antennae ; f. 27, post-abdomen ; 

 I. 26, internal structure' of thorax ; f. 33, internal structure of 

 abdomen. 



CRUZ, SANTA (Spanish; Holy Cross). Among 

 the various places of this name, the most important 

 are, 1. An island in the West Indies, belonging to 

 Denmark, the most southerly of the Virgin isles ; lat. 

 17 45' N. ; Ion. 64 S5 7 W. It is about 24 miles in 

 length, with an area of 8 4 square miles, and contains 

 33,000 inhabitants, of which 30,000 are slaves. The 

 country is mostly level, the climate unhealthy at cer- 

 tain seasons, the water scarce and bad. The soil is 

 fertile, producing cotton, sugar cane, some coffee and 

 indigo, and tropical fruits. About 9,000,000 gallons 

 of rum are annually exported. The best ports are 

 Christianstadt and Frederickstadt. The former, si- 

 tuated on the northern coast of the island, is the ca- 

 pital of all trie Danish West Indies. After having 

 been successively in the hands of the Dutch, British. 

 French, and Spaniards, Santa Cruz was ceded to Den- 

 mark in 1733. In 1807, it was taken by the British, 

 but was restored to the Danes by the peace of Paris, 

 in 1814. 2. A city on the island of Teneriffe ; lat. *' 

 28 2& N. ; Ion. 16 30 7 W. The road is much vi- 

 sited by European vessels, on their way to the Indies 

 and to America, for water and provisions. The po- 

 pulation is 8400. The principal article of export is 

 Teneriffe wine. See Teneriffe. 



CRUZADA (Spanish). A bull, called the bull of 

 the crusade, is a source of considerable revenue to 

 the Spanish crown. Pope Calixtus III. first issued 

 this bull, during the reign of king Henry of Castile, 

 in 1457, granting an absolution for past offences to all 

 who would fight against infidels, or pay a certain sum 

 (200 maravedis), to aid the crown in carrying on war 

 against them ; and, as this bull is granted only for 

 five years, the king has the power of renewing it. It 

 confers also certain immunities, such as the right to 

 eat some kinds of prohibited food in Lent. It has 

 not been customary to renew the grant since 1753. 

 These bulls were formerly sold, in a printed form, by 

 priests and monks, who very often abused their autho- 

 rity, and would not confess people, or give them ex- 

 treme unction, unless thay would buy the bulls. The 

 revenue thus received by the crown was estimated, 

 for Spain and Spanish America, at 1,500,000 dollars. 

 Portugal also received such a bull in 1591, for the 

 support of her fortifications in Africa. Mendoza, in 

 one chapter of his Vida de Lazarillo de Tonnes, de- 

 scribes the abuses by which the bullarios, or sellers of 

 bulls, extorted money from the people. 



CRYPT, in architecture ; a hollow place or vault 

 constructed under ground. The tombs of the Chris- 

 tian martyrs also were so called, where the early 

 Christians met to perform their devotions, for fear ot 

 persecution. Hence crypt came to signify a church 

 under ground, or the lower story, like that of St 

 Paul's, London, Lastingham priory, and many of the 

 ancient ecclesiastical edifices of England, Germany, 

 and France. When crypts are on a large scale, like 

 those of Rome, Naples, and Paris, they are then called 

 catacombs. (See Catacombs.') Bartoli and Bellori have 

 published engravings of paintings found in the crypts 

 of Rome, of which there are several editions. The 

 one of 1738 is in Latin. 



CRYPTO ; a prefix from the Greek * S U*TO S (se. 

 cret), used in several compounds ; for instance, cryp- 

 tography (q. v.), cryptogamy (q. v.), Crypto-Calvi- 

 nists (q. v.). When the Jesuits were dissolved by a 

 papal Dull, much was said of Crypto- Jesuits. In 

 France, we hear sometimes of crypto-republicant, &c. 



CRYPTO-CALVINISTS (crypto, from the Greek 

 Kou-rrif, secret) ; a name given to the favourers of 

 Calvinism in Saxony, on account of their secret at- 

 tachment to the G enevan doctrine and discipline. Sec 

 Concord, Form of. 



CRYPTOGAMIA, in botany ; the twenty-fourth 

 and last class of the sexual system of Linnaeus, includ- 



