562 



CULLEN CUMANA. 



curly I'.ritish writers, Itut tliat thc\ ;uv first spoken 

 of subsequent to the year 854, and that tliey then 

 appear in the attitude of maintaining their right to 

 confirm the election of tin- bishops of the several 

 sec- where they had establisliments. Their origin 

 is, by some, attributed to St Cohunba, in the middle 

 of Uie sixtli century. After having exercised a great 

 influence throughout the country, they are said to 

 have been overthrown by the increase of the papal 

 power, and the institution of monasteries more con- 

 genial to the aspiring views of the see of Home. 



CULLEN, WILLIAM, a celebrated physician and 

 medical writer, was born in the county of Lanark, 

 in Scotland, in 1710. He was apprenticed to a 

 surgeon and apothecary at Glasgow, after which he 

 made some voyages to the West Indies as surgeon 

 to a merchant vessel. He subsequently settled as a 

 medical practitioner at Hamilton, where he formed 

 a partnership with William Hunter, who afterwards 

 became so distinguished. The object of their con- 

 nexion was not so much pecuniary emolument as 

 mutual convenience in the pursuit of their profession. 

 In 1740, Cullen took the degree of M. D., and, 

 settling at Glasgow, he was, in 1740, appointed 

 lecturer on chemistry at the university there. In 

 1751. he was chosen regius professor of medicine. 

 In 1756, he was invited to take the chemical profes- 

 sorship in the university of Edinburgh. In 1760, he 

 was made lecturer on the malaria medtca there, and 

 subsequently resigned the chemical chair to his 

 pupil, doctor Black. From 1766 to 1773, he gave, 

 alternately with doctor Gregory, annual courses of 

 lectures on the theory and practice of physic an ar- 

 rangement which continued till the death of doctor 

 Gregory, in 1773, left his rival in complete posses- 

 sion of the medical chair. As a lecturer on medi- 

 cine, doctor Cullen exercised a great influence over 

 the state of opinion relative to the mystery of that 

 science. He successfully combated the specious 

 doctrines of Boerhaave, depending on the humoral 

 pathology ; though he has not been equally success- 

 ful in establishing his own system, which is founded 

 on an enlarged view of the principles of Frederic 

 Hoffmann. His death took place, Feb. 5, 1790. 

 His principal works are lectures on the Materia 

 Medica ; Synopsis Nosologies Practices ; and First 

 Lines of the Practice of Physic, which must be con- 

 sidered as his magnum opits, and which, amidst all 

 the recent fluctuations of opinion on medical theory, 

 has retained its value. See his Life by Dr Thom- 

 son, 1832, 8vo. 



CULLODEN MOOR ; a heath in Scotland, four 

 miles east of Inverness. It is celebrated for a 

 victory obtained in the year 1746, by the duke of 

 Cumberland, over the partisans of the house of 

 Stuart. The battle of Culloden was the last battle 

 fought on British soil, and the termination of the 

 attempts of the Stuart family to recover the throne 

 of England. (See Edward, Charles, Great Britain, 

 and James III.) The son of James III., Charles 

 Edward, in his daring expedition in 1745, had con- 

 tended, with various success, against the English, 

 and, indeed, was at one time only about 100 miles 

 from London, where terror and consternation pre- 

 vailed. But, by a combination of unfavourable 

 circumstances, he was compelled to retreat to Scot- 

 land, where fortune again seemed to smile on him 

 at the battle of Falkirk. But the duke of Cumber- 

 land, marching against him, baffled the whole 

 enterprise by the decisive victory of Culloden, April 

 27, (16th, O. S.,) 1746. Edward's army was defi- 

 cient in subordination. Though his troops were 

 faint with, fatigue and hunger when the battle began, 

 they fought with spirit. The impetuous bravery of 

 the Highlanders, however, at length yielded to the 



well served artillery of the English. The victors 

 massacred the wounded Highlanders on the lieiu 

 of battle. Charles Edward \\as exposed, in his 

 flight, to a thousand dangers, but at length escaped. 

 His followers suffered the vengeance of the victors. 

 The most distinguished of them died on the scalloid, 

 and the districts which had been the theatre of the 

 rebellion were laid waste. The English government 

 henceforward took measures to prevent the recur- 

 rence of similar attempts. Finding that the attach- 

 ment of the Highlanders to the old royal line .u-osc 

 principally from the peculiarity of their customs and 

 mode of life, they resolved to abolish their institu- 

 tions. Since that period, the primitive Highland 

 manners and usages liave been continually dwindling 

 away and disappearing. 



CULM ; a village in Bohemia, three leagues east 

 of the well known watering place, of Teplitz, and 

 near the frontier of Saxony ; famous on account of 

 the battle of Aug. 30, 1813, in which the French, 

 under Vandamme, were beaten by the Prussians and 

 Russians. Vandamme was taken prisoner, with 

 three generals and 10,000 men. The battle was 

 one of the bloodiest in the whole war. The allies 

 had, a few days previous (Aug. 26), been repulsed 

 by Napoleon in their attack on Dresden. On the 

 29th, a bloody battle took place between Vandamme 

 and the allies, who defended the frontiers of Bohe 

 mia, to cover the retreat of the Russians. The night 

 put an end to the battle. On the 30th, it was re- 

 newed with fury, and ended with the victory of 

 Culm. This victory was decisive ; for the allies were 

 enabled to save Bohemia, on which Napoleon was 

 pressing with all his might. A few days before 

 (Aug. 26), on the same day with the battle at 

 Dresden, the French had been beaten by Bluecher on 

 the Katzbach; and from this time, the series of 

 disasters is to be dated, which ended with the de- 

 thronement of the French emperor. 



CULMINATION, in astronomy ; the passing 

 of a star through the meridian, because it has at 

 that moment reached the highest point (culmeri) of 

 its path, with reference to the observer. Hence 

 culmination is used, metaphorically, for the condition 

 of any person or thing arrived at the most brilliant 

 or important point of its progress. 



CUMA, CYME; the largest and most important 

 city of jEolis (Asia Minor), and, at the same tune, one 

 of the most ancient places on the ^Egean sea. 

 From this place the Cumffian Sibyl took her name. 

 Hesiod was born here. According to Strabo, the 

 inhabitants of Cuma were considered as somewhat 

 deficient in talent. 



CVMJE, a very ancient city in Campania, and 

 the oldest colony of the Greeks in Italy, was founded 

 about 1030 B. C., by Chalcis of Eubcea, and peopled 

 by Asiatic Cumteans and by Phocians. The com- 

 mon belief of the inhabitants made it the residence 

 of the Cumaean sibyl, though her home was really in 

 Asia. (See the preceding article.) The Grotto of 

 Truth was situated in the wood sacred to the goddess 

 Trivia, and in its neighbourhood was the Acherusian 

 lake. In this region Cicero had a country seat. 

 Cumas had a considerable territory, and a naval 

 force in her port, Puteoli. She founded Naples 

 (Neapolis), and in Sicily, Zancle or Messina. In 

 420 B. C.,Cumae was taker, by the Campanians, and 

 came with them under the power of Rome (345 

 B. C.). It was destroyed A. D. 1207. 



CUMANA ; a province of Colombia, bounded 

 N. and E. by the Caribbean sea, S. by the Orinoco. 

 In the western part, towards the coast, the soil is 

 tolerably fertile. The eastern part is dry and sandy, 

 affording nothing but an inexhaustable mine of 

 marine and mineral salt. On the Oronoco, the 



