574 



CUX1IAVEN CYCLE. 



devoted liiinself contiiuuilly to Uie study of natural 

 history, which he lias greatly extended by his disco- 

 veries. We mention only his Recherche* svr IPS Os- 

 semens Fossiles, 1821 24 ; 3d edition, 1826, 5 

 volumes, lt<>. with plates (the classical introduction 

 to tins work is printed separately); Discours sur les 

 Revolutions de la Surface du Globe, et sur les Change- 

 Aliens yu'elles out produit dans le Regne animal (3d 

 edition, 1'aris, 1825) ; also, Le Regne animal (1817, 

 4 vols.) ; Lemons d Anatomic Compares, rccueillies par 

 Dumeril et Duvernoy (1805, 5 vols.) ; Rechtrches 

 anatonuques sur les Reptiles regardes encore comme 

 douleujc (1807, 4to) ; Memoires pour servir d I'His- 

 toire de I'sfnatomie dfs Mollusques 1816, 4to). As 

 perpetual secretary, &c., of the academy, in the 

 class of physical sciences, he pronounced eloges on 

 the deceased members of the institute. The Recueil 

 tfEloges Historioites (Paris, 1819, 2 vols.) contains 

 models worthy of imitation. The French academy 

 received him, in consequence, among their forty 

 members. Almost all the learned societies of the 

 world sent him honorary diplomas. France is in- 

 debted to him for the establishment of a cabinet of 

 comparative anatomy, which is the finest osteological 

 collection in Europe. 



Cuvier visited England twice, first in 1818, and 

 afterwards in 1830, when he was honoured with a 

 public dinner, given to him by a number of scientific 

 and literary gentlemen. His death took place at 

 Paris, on the 13th May, 1832. In person he was 

 tall, and in youth slight, but, as he advanced in years, 

 he became somewhat corpulent, and his extreme 

 shortsightedness induced a slight stoop of the shoul- 

 ders. His features were regular and liandsome, the 

 nose aquiline, the mouth marked with benevolence, 

 the forehead most ample, and the eyes full of viva- 

 city and sweetness. A very interesting memoir of 

 liis life has been published by Mrs Lee (formerly Mrs 

 Bowditch),' London, 1833, 8vo. 



CUXHAVEN ; a village in Ruetzebuettel, a baili- 

 wick of Hamburg, at the mouth of the river Elbe. 

 It is important for all navigators going to Bremen or 

 Hamburg. Its lighthouse is 8 43' 1" E. Ion., and 

 53 52' 51" N. lat., 61 miles W.N.W. of Hamburg. 

 The harbour is large and commodious, one of the 

 safest on the coast, and is resorted to in cases of 

 danger. Here vessels generally take pilots to go up 

 the river to Hamburg, &c. These pilots are privi- 

 leged, and, by their statutes, are compelled always 

 to keep a yacht out at sea, near the outermost buoy, 

 called the red buoy, with men ready to conduct any 

 vessel which may demand assistance. These pilots 

 very often go as far as the channel, and even through 

 it, to meet vessels. From this village, there is a 

 regular packet line, maintained by the British go- 

 vernment, to Harwich. Here is also a quarantine, 

 where vessels are often subjected to much unneces- 

 sary delay ; sent to Norway, for instance, to take an 

 airing, when they are bound to Hamburg. A bath- 

 ing-house has been established here, with many other 

 improvements, by the senator Abendroth. In the 

 middle ages, a family named Lappen were in the 

 habit of sailing from this place for the commission of 

 piracy. Hamburg conquered it in the 14th century 

 With this city, it came under the French dominion, and 

 in 1814, was again declared a province of Hamburg. 

 The whole bailiwick of Ruetzebuettel is subject to, not 

 a component part of, Hamburg. 



CUYABA, or JESUS DE CUYABA ; a town of 

 Brazil, capital of Matto G rosso, on the river Cuyaba, 

 nearly 300 miles above its entrance into Paraguay ; 

 280 miles W. Villa Rica ; population, 30,000. In 

 the neighbourhood of this town are the most western 

 mining stations in Brazil, long celebrated for the 

 quantity of* gold they produce. The town is well pro- 



vided with meat, fruits, and vegetables, and the si.r- 

 rounding country is fruitful. 



CYANOGEN. See /'rustic Add. 

 CYBELE was originally a particular goddess of 

 the Plirygians, like Isis, the symbol of the moon, and 

 what is nearly connected with tliis, of the fruitfulness 

 of the earth ; for which reason she is confounded 

 with Rhea, whose worship originated in Crete, and 

 in whom personified nature was revered. When the 

 worship of Cybele was introduced among the Greeks, 

 the goddess was already surrounded with ;i cloud of 

 mythological traditions. According to Diodorus, 

 Cybele was the daughter of the Phrygian king Ma-< m, 

 and his wife Dindyma. At her birth, her lather, 

 vexed that the child was not a boy, exposed her 

 upon mount Cybelus, where she was nursed by lions 

 and panthers, and afterwards found and brought up 

 by the wives of the herdsmen. She invented fifes 

 and drums, with which she cured the diseases of 

 beasts and children, became intimate with Marsyas, 

 and fell violently in love with Atys. (See Atys ) 

 She was afterwards recognized and received by her 

 parents. Her father, discovering her love for Atys, 

 had him seized and executed, and left his body un- 

 buried. The grief of Cybele, on this occasion, de- 

 ranged her understanding. She wandered about, in 

 search of Atys, with dishevelled liair, escorted by 

 the sound of the drums and fifes which she had in- 

 vented, through various countries, even to the Hyper- 

 boreans, the most distant inliabitants of the North. 

 During her absence, a famine arose in Phrygia, 

 which did not cease until divine honours were paid 

 to Cybele, by the command of the oracle, and the 

 statue of Atys interred, as his body could not be 

 found. Some traditions say that Atys. in a fit of in- 

 sanity, emasculated himself. Other traditions give a 

 different account of the cause of his misfortune. In 

 memory of him, the priests of Cybele were eunuchs. 

 Her worship was celebrated with a violent noise of 

 instruments, and rambling through fields and woods. 

 In Crete, she was confounded with Rhea. She was 

 also blended with the old Latin goddess Ops. Her 

 original statue was nothing but a dark quadrangular 

 stone. Afterwards she was represented as a matron, 

 with a mural crown on her head, In reference to the 

 improved condition of men, arising from agriculture, 

 and their union into cities. A common attribute of 

 the goddess is the veil about her head, which refers 

 to the mysterious and incomprehensible in nature. 

 In her right hand she often holds a staff', as an em- 

 blem of her power, and, in her left, a Phrygian drum. 

 Sometimes a few ears of corn stand near her. The 

 sun, also, is sometimes represented in her right hand, 

 and the crescent of the moon in her left. We some- 

 times see her in a chariot, drawn by lions ; or else 

 she sits upon a lion, and, as omnipotent nature, she 

 holds a thunderbolt ; or a lion lies near her. (tee 

 Atalanta.) These symbols are all representations of 

 her dominion, and of the introduction of civilization, 

 by her means, in the period of barbarism. 



CYCLADES, in ancient geography ; a group of 

 islands in the Archipelago, S.E. of Euboea and Attica, 

 inhabited mostly by Greeks. Nearly in the middle 

 lies the largest island, Naxos. The most southerly 

 is Melos. Paros also is one of this fertile and charm- 

 ing group. 



CYCLE (Greek xv*>., a circle] is used for every 

 uniformly returning succession of the same events. 

 On such successions or cycles of years rests all chro- 

 nology, particularly the calendar. Our common solar 

 year, determined by the periodical return of the sun 

 to the same point in the ecliptic, every body knows, 

 contains 52 weeks and 1 day, and leap-year a day 

 more. Consequently, hi different years the same 

 day of the year cannot fall upon the same day of the 



