DALRYMPLE DAMASCUS. 



587 



engaged for the occasion ; which, as he had never 

 served in the navy, could not be allowed, and his 

 place was supplied by Cook. In 1775 Mr Dalrym- 

 pie went to Madras, whence he returned in 1780. In 

 1795 he obtained the appointment of hydrographer to 

 the Admiralty, as well as to the East India Com- 

 pany. The former situation he lost a short time be- 

 fore his death, which happened in 1808. His most 

 important publications are Discoveries in the 

 South Pacific Ocean, 8vo ; A Collection of South 

 Sea Voyages, 2 vols. 4to ; A Relation of Expedi- 

 tions from Fort Marlborough to the Islands of the 

 West Coast of Sumatra, 4to ; A Collection oi 

 Voyages in the South Atlantic Ocean, 4to ; A Me- 

 moir of a Map of the Land round the North Pole, 

 4to ; Journal of the Expeditions to the North oi 

 California, 4to ; The Oriental Repertory, 2 vols. 4to. 

 He was also the author of many historical and politi- 

 cal tracts on the affairs of the East India Company. 



DALRYMPLE, Sir DAVID-, better known by the 

 name of lord Hailes, a Scottish lawyer, antiquary, 

 and historian of eminence. He was elder brother of 

 tlie preceding, and was born at Edinburgh, and 

 educated at Eton, after which he studied the civil 

 law at the university of Utrecht. In 1748 he was 

 called to the bar, and practised in the Scottish courts. 

 In 1766 he was made a judge of the Court of Session, 

 when he assumed the title of lord Hailes, by which he 

 is best known. On the resignation of his father-in-law, 

 lord Coalston, in 1776, he was made a commissioner 

 of the justiciary. He died November 29th, 1792, 

 aged sixty-six. The private character of lord Hailes 

 was extremely estimable ; and he was much respected 

 by Dr Samuel Johnson and other literary friends, 

 with whom he carried on an extensive correspon 

 dence. His publications were very numerous, but 

 i hey principally consist of new editions and transla- 

 tions of old works, and editions of manuscript papers. 

 Of his original productions, The Annals of Scot- 

 land, from the Accession of Malcolm Canmore to the 

 Accession of the House of Stuart, 2 vols. 4to, 1776 

 till 1779, is by far the most important. 



DALRYMPLE, JAMES, the first viscount Stair,an 

 eminent Scottish lawyer and statesman, was born in 

 Ayrshire, 1607. In the civil war he sided with the 

 parliament, but soon relinquished that party, and 

 became professor of philosophy at Glasgow. On the 

 restoration he received the honour of knighthood, and 

 in 1671 was made president of the court of session ; 

 but he was dismissed from all his employments in 

 1682. He then retired to Holland, and became a 

 favourite with the prince of Orange, who, after the 

 Revolution, raised him to the peerage. He died in 

 1695. He wrote The Institution of the Laws of 

 Scotland, folio ; Decisions of the Court of Session ; 

 Philosophia nova experimentalis ; Vindication of the 

 Divine Perfections ; and An Apology for his own 

 Conduct. His son, John Dalrymple, second lord 

 Stair, (born in Edinburgh, 1673 ; died there 1747,) 

 was an accomplished and patriotic nobleman, and 

 distinguished himself in the wars of Marlborough. 



DAL SEGNO (Italian) means from the sign. In 

 music, this expression denotes, that the singer or 

 player ought to recommence at the former place, 

 where the same mark is put. 



DAL YELL, THOMAS, of Binns in West Lothian ; 

 a Scottish officer on the royalist side, who was taken 

 prisoner at the battle of Worcester, and confined in 

 the Tower, from which he escaped to Russia, where 

 the czar made him a general. At the restoration, he 

 returned to England, and Charles 1 1. made him com- 

 mander-in-chier of his forces in Scotland, Where his 

 memory is still execrated for his cruel persecution of 

 tlie covenanters. He was singular in his dress and 

 appearance. After the death of Charles T. hr never 



shaved his beard, which grew white and bushy, and 

 descended to his middle. He generally went to 

 London once or twice a-year to kiss the king's hand, 

 and the singularity of his appearance drew crowds of 

 boys after him. He is mentioned by Scott in his 

 description of the defeat of tlie Covenanters in Old 

 Mortality. He died in 1685. 



DAM, DAMM ; the end of many German and 

 Dutch geographical words, signifying a dam or sluice 

 as in Amsterdam, the sluices of the Arnstel. 



DAMAGE-PEASANT. Beasts are said to be 

 damage-feasant, or doing damage, when those of one 

 person are found upon the land of another without 

 his permission and without his fault ; for if the owner 

 of a field or enclosure adjoining upon another enclo- 

 sure neglects to repair his fences, and the beasts pass 

 through, he cannot seize them as damage-feasant. 

 But if the beasts break into a close from the high- 

 way, where they were wrongfully left to run at large, 

 the owner of the close may take them up, or distrain 

 them as damage-feasant, though the fence of the 

 close on the side next the highway was defective ; 

 for the owner is not obliged to make a fence against 

 beasts where they cannot be lawfully left at large. 

 The owner of land lias a right to sue the owner of 

 the beasts in trespass for the damage done by them 

 to his crops, &c., but the law gives him also the 

 means of stopping the damage, for he may distrain 

 and impound the beasts. 



D AMASCENUS, JOHN ; John of Damascus, after- 

 wards called also John Chrysorrhoas ; author of the 

 first system of Christian theology in the Eastern 

 church, or the founder of scientific dogmatics. He 

 first endeavoured to give a full system of dogmatics, 

 founded on reason and the Bible, which had hitherto 

 been elaborated in the Greek church only in parts, as 

 ecclesiastical controversies arose. His explanation 

 of the orthodox faith, in four volumes, enjoyed, in the 

 Greek church, a great reputation. He also wrote 

 Dialectics, a system of logic on the principles of 

 Aristotle, and prepared a collection of philosophical 

 passages, extracted from ancient works, in alphabeti- 

 cal order, &c. The best edition of his Greek works 

 is that by P. Mich. Lequien (Paris, 1712, 2 vols. fol.). 

 After being in the service of a caliph, he became a 

 monk in the convent of Saba, near Jerusalem, and 

 died about 760. He must not be confounded with 

 Nicholas of Damascus. 



DAMASCUS; a city of Syria, the capital of the 

 pachalic of the same name, situated in a fertile plain 

 amidst extensive gardens, forming a .circuit of be- 

 tween 25 and 30 miles. The streets aVe in general 

 narrow, of regular width, though -not in straight 

 lines : they are well paved, and have elevated foot- 

 paths on each side. Damascus contains above 500 

 large and magnificent houses, which are entitled to 

 the name of palaces : each house has a canal or foun- 

 tain. The mosques and chapels are also numerous, 

 and the grand mosque is of great extent and magni- 

 ficence. An hospital for the indigent sick is attached 

 to the edifice. This mosque is said to have been, 

 originally, a Christian church, and the cathedral of 

 Damascus. The mosques are mostly fronted by a 

 court. One mosque is beautifully adorned with all 

 kinds of fine marble, like Mosaic pavement; and the 

 tower or minaret of another is entirely cased with 

 pantiles. There are several hospitals here, of which 

 the finest is that constructed by the sultan Selim, 

 consisting of a spacious quadrangle, lined by an in- 

 ;erior colonnade, which is entirely roofed by forty 

 small domes, covered with lead. On the south side 

 of the court is a mosque, with a magnificent portico 

 and two fine minarets, which is ^surmounted by a spa- 

 cious cupola. 1'here is a Greek, Maronite, Syrian, 

 and Armenian church. There are eight synagogues 



