DEPARTMENT DEPORTATION. 



647 



and continued to wear it till his death. In 1777, he 

 returned to France, and made his appearance at Ver 

 sailles, where the minister honourably received him 

 His change of dress drew him into a quarrel at the 

 opera, and, for fear of the consequences, he was sent 

 to Dijon, where he was treated with respect. In 

 1783, he went to London. 



Meanwhile the French revolution broke out, ami 

 deprived him of his pensions ; upon which he returnee 

 to France, offered his services to the national assembly 

 in 1792, was rejected, went back to England, and was 

 put, as an absentee on the emigrant list. From this 

 time misfortunes crowded upon him. He lived in greal 

 poverty, and attempted to support himself by giving 

 lessons in fencing, but was not very successful, and 

 depended in a great measure for subsistence on the 

 aid of his friends. Among these was Elisee, first sur- 

 geon of Louis XVIII., who aided him till his death 

 in London, in 1810, and attended the dissection oi 

 his body. The account of this witness, with other 

 undeniable evidence, leaves it beyond doubt, that 

 D'Eon was of the male sex. What reasons could 

 have induced a soldier and a knight of St Louis to 

 assume female attire is not known ; but it is probable 

 they had some relation to the political manoeuvres of 

 the French court. In 1775 appeared the Loisirs du 

 Chevalier D'Eon, in 14vols. 8vo. L'Espion Chinois, 

 6 vols. 12mo., has also been ascribed to him. 



DEPARTMENT ; the distribution of a thing into 

 several parts ; thus, in France, Le departement des 

 tailles, des quartiers, &c. ; that is, a distribution of 

 the public taxes, or an allotment of quarters to the 

 soldiery, &c. Hence it is used, secondly, to denote 

 a distribution of employments, and especially the di- 

 visions of the ministry. Finally, it is applied to ter- 

 ritorial divisions. In this sense, it has become import- 

 ant in modern statistics. At the time of the French 

 revolution, when the former division of the kingdom 

 into provinces was abolished, and succeeded by a di- 

 vision of it into departments, this division was deter- 

 mined partly by the number of inhabitants, partly by 

 extent of territory, and partly by the amount of di- 

 rect taxes. A decree for this purpose was adopted 

 November 4th, 1789, by the constituent assembly ; 

 and the abbe Sieyes drew up the plan, intended to 

 extinguish the old spirit of hatred among the pro- 

 vinces. The whole kingdom was at first divided into 

 eighty-three departments, which were subsequently 

 increased, by the gradual extension of the empire, to 

 a hundred and thirty, and were reduced by the peace 

 of 1814 to eighty-six. Each department is subdivided 

 into cantons, and these again into communes. This 

 division of territory has been adopted in the states of 

 Bavaria, Wurtemberg, Baden, and others. The re- 

 presentatives in the French chambers are elected by 

 the departments. The following list contains the 

 names of all the departments, and the provinces to 

 which they formerly belonged : 



Rfgim du AW. 



Flinders, . . 

 Artois, . . . 

 Picardjr . . 



Normandy, 



tie-de-France 



Departments. 

 Nord. . . . . 

 Pas-de -Calais, . 



Seine- Infcricure, 

 I Eure 



Calvados, . . . 

 1 Manche, . . . 

 . Ome 



Seine 



, Seine-et-Oise, . 



Seine-et-Mame, 



Champagne 



Lorraine, 



I Ardennes, . . 

 1 Marne, . . . 



1 Aube 



I. Haute- Marne, . 

 f Meuse, . . . 

 1 Moselle, . . . 

 1 Meurthe, . . . 

 I Vosjes, . ... 



Totai Pop. 

 962,648 

 612,96'J 



68S.295 

 421,665 

 500,956 

 611,206 

 434,379 

 1,013,373 

 440,871 

 31S.209 

 385,124 

 489,560 

 281,624 

 325,045 

 241,762 

 244,823 



3txi,3*> 



409,155 

 403,038 

 379,839 



Pop.lq. 1 



3,208 



1,978 



1,697 



2,137 



1,405 



1,776 



1,808 



1,361 



46,062 



1 536 



1,060 



1,266 



1,305 



1,005 



766 



805 



753 



975 



1.410 



1,567 



1,287 



Chief Pla 

 Lille. 

 Arras. 

 Atniens. 

 Rouen. 

 Evreux. 

 Caen. 

 Saint- LA. 

 Alencon, 

 Pari. 

 Versailles. 

 Melun. 

 Beauvais. 



Troyes. 



Chaumont. 



Bar-le-Duc. 



Metz. 



Nancy. 



Epinal. 



Orleannais, 



Tourame, . 

 Berry, . . 



Nivemais, . 

 Bourbonnais, 

 Marcbe, . , 

 Limousin, . , 



Auvergne, . , 



(Loiret, . . . , 

 . -jEure-et-Lolr, . . 

 (Loir-et-Cher, . . 



, | Indie-et- Loire, 

 i Indre, 



Allier, . . . 



Creuse 



Haute-Vienne, 

 i Correze, . . 

 i Puy-de-D6me, 

 > Cantal, . . 



Region du Centre. 



'otal Pop. 



304,228 



277,782 

 230,666 

 290,160 

 237,628 

 248,589 

 271,777 

 285,302 



276,351 



566,573 

 262,013 



Chateauroux. 

 Bourges. 



M . C Sarthe, . . . 



Mame jMayenne, . . , 



Anjou | Maine-et-Loire, 



/llle-et-Vilaine, 

 \C6tes-du-Nord, 



Bretagne, . . . KFinistere, . . , 



Aunis.-Saintonge J Charente Jr 

 et Angoumois. \ Charente, . 



Alsace, . . . 

 Franche-Comte, 



Bourgogne, J 

 (Burgundy) \ 



Lyonnais, 



Languedoc, . 



Roussillon, . . I Py 

 Comte-de-Foix, . I Ariege, . 



pDprdogne, , . . 



I Gironde, . . . . 



I Lot- et- Garonne, . 



n ?- e . t - GaS X Tarr-e-et-Garonne,' 



I Landes, . . . . 



I Gers 



I. Hautes- Pyrenees, . 

 Beam, . . . . ] Basses- Pyrenees, . 



Dauphiny, . 



de FOuat. 



446,519 



351,138 

 458.674 

 553,453 

 581,684 

 502,851 

 427,453 

 457,090 

 267.670 

 288,260 



Pop. iq 

 869 



1104 



1,333 

 1,027 



1,373 ; Le Mans. 

 1,287 Laval. 

 1,197 I Anders. 

 1,541 Rennes. 

 1,615 ' St Brieuc. 

 1,389 Quimper. 

 1,204 j Vanncs. 

 1,193 i Nantes. 



731 ; Poitiers. 



900 i Niort. 



891 Bourbon- Vendee. 

 1,158 La Rochelle. 

 l,178iAngouleme. 



1,146 i Lons-le-Saulnier, 

 870 Auxerre. 

 799 I Dijon. 



Provence, 

 Corsica, . 



fle 



.3 Drome, . . . 

 (Hautes- Alpes, 



" Basses-Alpes, . . 

 Bouches-du- Rh6ne, 



(Va 



, | Corse, 



464,074 

 538,151 



973 

 978 

 1,161 



241,586 

 350,014 

 265,309 

 307.601 

 222,059 

 412,469 

 525,984 

 285,791 

 125,329 



311,095 

 185,079 



1,228 



Perigueux. 

 Bourdeaux. 

 Agen. 

 Cahors. 



Rhodez. 



Mont-de-Marsan. 



Auch. 



Tarbes. 



noble. 

 Valence. 

 Gap. 



Avignon. 



Dlgne. 

 " " seilles. 

 Draguignan. 

 Ajaccio. 



DEPHLOGISTICATED AIR. See Oxygen. 

 DEPLOY ; to display, to spread out. A column 



s said to deploy, when the divisions open or extend 

 to form line on any given division. 



DEPORTATION ; a kind of banishment in use 



even among the Romans (first introduced by Augus- 

 tus) ; by virtue of which the condemned person was 



;ent to a foreign uninhabited country, usually an 

 island, his estate confiscated, and himself deprived 

 of the rights of a Roman citizen. This punishment 

 differs from other kinds of banishment in this, that 



;he person thus punished is not permitted to choose 



lis place of exile. During the French revolution, 



his punishment was revived in lieu of the guillotine. 

 The merit of its restoration has been at different times 

 ascribed to Boulay, to the bishop of Autun, and to 

 Talot. For the most part, the condemned were trans- 



jorted to Cayenne or to Port-Marat (Port- Dauphin) 



>n the island of Madagascar. Towards the end of 

 Robespierre's administration, this punishment was 

 most frequent. According to the French penal code 

 of 12th February, 1810, deportation is even now one 



f the punishments established by law in France ; 



nit, nevertheless, it is not easily put in execution. 



t is ranked as the third degree of infamous punish- 



