DOCK YARDS DODD. 



699 



that, of the basins, it does not press violently on the 

 gates of the locks. It should be also observed, that 

 tiiis water, having had time to settle in its previous 

 passage through the basin, hardly deposits any sedi- 

 ment when introduced into the docks. 



The East India docks, belonging to the East India 

 company, are inferior to the West India docks in 

 magnitude, but equal in point of construction and se- 

 curity of property. Having to receive vessels of 

 2500 tons, they are deeper tlian the West India 

 docks, and have never less than twenty-three or 

 twenty-four feet water. 



There are few works which require more skill and 

 attention on the part of the civil engineer, than the 

 erection of docks. In the construction of dry docks, the 

 greatest .care should be used that they be made water 

 tight. The utmost attention must be paid in lay- 

 ing the foundation, and securing it by piles or other- 

 wise as the ground may require ; and the lining 

 should be of such a nature as effectually to prevent 

 the sides from falling in. Timber lining is sometimes 

 employed, but brick, coped with granite, is better ; 

 yet the most substantial is an entire wall of hewn 

 granite. To keep the water in a wet dock, and out 

 of a dry one, various kinds of gates have been used. 

 Where the abutments cannot be made very strong, 

 in consequence of the insecurity of the foundation, 

 wicker gates are employed, which are formed into 

 three pieces that come out separately. These, though 

 perhaps the cheapest and most simple, are by no 

 means the best : and wherever the abutments can be 

 made of sufficient strength, strong wooden gates, 

 bound with iron, are employed. These gates are 

 formed into two pieces, one of which is swung on 

 each abutment, at the entrance to the dock ; when 

 closed, they meet in the middle, but when open, they 

 lie flat to the abutment walls. The bottom, where 

 the gates move, must be made smooth and flat, so 

 that as little water as possible may escape. General 

 Bentham introduced to the docks of Portsmouth a 

 floating gate, somewhat resembling a boat, but ta- 

 pering 1 to a point at both ends, ami very deep and 

 narrow in proportion to the length. In the abut 

 ments, two grooves are ciiffor die ends of the gate 

 to move up and down in, and at the bottom there is 

 likewise a groove for the reception of the keel. This 

 gate is therefore a sort of caissVu, wliicli may be made 

 to sink by filling it with water, oivto float by pump- 

 ing the water out. See Ship Building. \^ 



DOCK YARDS ; arsenals containing all sorts of 

 naval stores, and timber for ship-buildinsi In Eng- 

 land, the royal dock-yards are at Chatlram, Ports- 

 mouth, Plymouth, Deptford, Woolwich, and Sheer- 

 ness, where the king's ships and vessels of war are 

 generally moored during peace, and such as want re- 

 pairing are taken into the docks, examined, and re- 

 fitted for service. 



DOCTOR. The title of doctor originated at the 

 same time with the establishment of the universities. 

 The dignity connected with it first received public 

 sanction at the law university in Bologna, between 

 1128 and 1137, where the celebrated Irnerius (Wer- 

 ner) began to give instructions in law, in 1128, and 

 was confirmed by the emperor as professor of law. 

 He is said to have prevailed on the emperor Lothaire 

 II., whose chancellor he was, to introduce the dignity 

 of doctor. From the faculty of law, the title passed to 

 that of theology. The faculty in Paris first confer- 

 red the degree of doctor of divinity on Peter Lombard, 

 who, in 1159, became bishop of Paris. William Gor- 

 denio, of the college at Asti, in 1329, was the first 

 person who was promoted to the dignity of doctor ar- 

 tium n medicines. The doctorate of philosophy was 

 established last, because the faculty of philosophy was 

 formed the latest. The title of magister was more 



common among the members of this faculty. The 

 degree of doctor is either conferred publicly, vith cer- 

 tain ceremonies, or by diploma. On the continent of 

 Europe, the order of rank is this doctor of theology, 

 of law, of medicine, and of philosophy ; but in Eng- 

 land and the United States of America, the doctor of 

 laws ranks first, anl the doctor of divinity next. 

 Doctor of medicine is a professional title. The degree 

 of doctor of music is conferred at the universities of 

 Oxford and Cambridge. The great Haydn and 

 Romberg received this title from the university ot 

 Oxford. 



DOCTORS' COMMONS. See College of Civi- 

 lians. 



DOCTRINAIRES. Since the second restoration 

 of the Bourbons, a small number of deputies in the 

 French chamber would neither rank themselves 

 among the friends of absolute power, nor among the 

 defenders of the revolution. They supported De- 

 cazes, while he was .minister ; and several of them 

 held offices in the ministry, as, for instance, the coun- 

 sellors of state Camille Jordan and Royer-Collard. 

 Their system embraced a constitutional monarchy, 

 allowing the government more power than the ultra- 

 liberals would admit, and, on the other hand, restrict- 

 ing the royal power more, and admitting less ap- 

 proach towards the old form of government, than the 

 ultra-royalists demanded. They retired with De- 

 cazes, and afterwards joined the liberal opposition. 

 The first orator among them was Royer-Collard, and 

 their most distinguished writer out of the chamber, 

 Guizot. See Chambers. 



DODD, RALPH, a civil engineer, the original pro- 

 jector of a tunnel under the Thames, and various 

 other public works of importance, was a native of 

 Northumberland. In 1795, he published an account 

 of the principal canals in the known world, with re- 

 flections on the great utility of canals. In 1798, he 

 laid before the public his plan for a tunnel under the 

 Thames, which was approved by government ; but 

 the scheme was abandoned soon after its commence- 

 ment. He had also a share in the improvement of 

 steam-vessels ; and the first impetus to the scheme 

 for navigating by steam in England was given by a 

 patent which he obtained for a steam-boat on the 

 Thames, from Condon to Gravesend, which, however, 

 was not carried into effect. He afterwards navigated, 

 in a steam-vessel, round the coasts of England and 

 Ireland. In 1822, he was severely wounded by an 

 explosion of the boiler of a steam-packet, and, after 

 lingering a few months, died at Cheltenham, in April 

 of that year. His son, George Dodd, Avas appointed 

 resident engineer over Waterloo bridge, which situ- 

 ation, through imprudence, he resigned. He died 

 i in prison, Sept. 25, 1827, aged 44. 



DODD, WILLIAM, an English clergyman, and re- 

 ligious writer, chiefly memorable for his disgraceful 

 end, was born in 1729, at Bourne, in Lincolnshire, of 

 which parish his father was vicar, and educated at 

 Cambridge. In 1750, he married without the means 

 of support: in 1753, he took orders, and soon became 

 one of the most popular preachers in .London. An 

 expensive mode of living rendered his circumstances 

 embarrassed, and he became the author or editor of 

 several works which afforded him large profits. In 

 1764, he was chosen one of his majesty's chaplains, 

 and was active in the formation of a society for the 

 relief of persons confined for small debts. Being now 

 much involved in debt, he disgraced his station, and 

 violated the rules of common honesty, by offering a 

 bribe to the lord chancellor's lady if she would pro- 

 cure his nomination to a vacant rectory. The Jady 

 was indignant, and informed the chancellor of thj 

 offer, who procured Dodd's name to be struck from 

 the list of the king's chaplains. To escape from the 



