DOE DOG. 



701 



to obtain some education. In 1650, he became a stu- 

 dent of Trinity college, Dublin, where he distin- 

 guished himself by his application, and was chosen to 

 a fellowship. This station he resigned in 1666, be- 

 cause he had scruples relative to the lawfulness of 

 taking orders in the church, as enjoined by the sta- 

 tutes of the college. He then visited England, and for 

 some time resided at Oxford. Returning to Ireland, 

 lie began his career of authorship with a preface to a 

 theological tract of his tutor, doctor Steam. His 

 next production was entitled Two Letters of Advice ; 

 1. for the Susception of Holy Orders ; 2. for Studies 

 Theological, especially such as are rational. To the 

 second edition of this work (1681) was annexed a 

 Discourse on the Phoenician History of Sanchonia- 

 thon, which he deemed spurious. In 1674, he came 

 again to England, and settled in London, where he 

 continued to employ his pen. In 1688, he was cho- 

 sen Camden professor of history at Oxford. After 

 the revolution, his high-church principles inducing 

 him to espouse the cause of the nonjurors, he was 

 deprived of his office. He died in 1711. He pro- 

 duced a multitude of works relating to theological 

 and classical literature. Of these, the most valuable 

 is entitled De veteribus Grcp.corum, Romanorumgue 

 Cyclis, obitcrque de Cydo Judceorum Mtate Christi, 

 Dissertationes X.,cum Tabulis necessariis , &c. (folio); 

 and another, entitled An Epistolary Discourse, prov- 

 ing from the Scriptures and the first Fathers, that 

 the soul is a Principle naturally mortal, but immor- 

 talized actually by the Pleasure of God, to Punish- 

 ment or to Reward, by its Union with the divine 

 baptismal Spirit ; where it is proved that none have 

 the Power of giving this divine immortalizing Spirit 

 since the Apostles, out only the Bishops. This work 

 gave rise to a warm controversy, and subjected the 

 author to much obloquy. 



DOE, JOHN, and RICHARD ROE. See Bail, and 

 Writ. 



DOG (canis familiaris). To no animal is mankind 

 more indebted for faithful and unswerving affection 

 than to the dog. His incorruptible fidelity, his for- 

 bearing and enduring attachment, his inexhaustible 

 diligence, ardour, and obedience, have been noticed 

 and eulogized from the earliest times. This valuable 

 quadruped may be emphatically termed the friend of 

 man ; as, unlike other anim^(g, his attachment is 

 purely personal, and uninfluenced by changes of time 

 or place. The dog seems to remember only the 

 benefits which he may have received, and, instead of 

 discovering resentment when he is chastise^, exposes 

 himself to torture, and even licks the hand from 

 which it proceeds. Without the aid of this almost 

 reasoning animal, how could man have resisted the 

 attacks of the savage and ferocious tenants of the 

 forest, or have procured sustenance in those ages of 

 the world when agriculture was unknown ! 



When we attempt to trace the source or origin of 

 the species, it will be found that the changes and 

 varieties, which the influence of domestication and 

 the intermixture of races have produced, are so 

 multifarious and interminable *;s to baffle all research. 

 Pennant is of opinion that the original stock of dogs 

 in the old world is with great reason supposed to be 

 the jackal ; that from their tamed offspring, casually 

 crossed with the wolf, the fox, and even the hy<ena, 

 have arisen the numberless forms and sizes of the 

 canine race. Buffon, with much ingenuity, has 

 traced out a genealogical table of all the Known dogs, 

 deducing all the other varieties from the shepherd's 

 dog, variously affected by climate, and other casual 

 circumstances. From the recent observations of 

 travellers in the high northern parts of the world, 

 where, although dogs have been employed for an in- 

 calculable length of time, they still retain much of 



the external appearance and general carriage of a 

 wild animal, it would seem that Pennant's sugges- 

 tion is worthy of attention. But, at the same time, 

 it should be remarked, that the breed of dogs, pro- 

 duced from the wolf and varieties of the domestic 

 dog, during a long succession of generations, still re- 

 tains marked characteristics of the predominance of 

 the savage qualities derived from its untamed pro- 

 genitors, in the keen and vivid expression of the eye, 

 ferocity of disposition, and severity of bite. It is also 

 a singular fact, that the race of European dogs evince 

 as great an antipathy to the Esquimaux species as 

 they do to a wolf. 



Linnaeus has asserted that the tail of this animal in 

 all its species and varieties, invariably bends to the 

 left ; but, although such is very often the case, it is 

 by no means universal, as the slightest observation 

 will demonstrate. Desmarest, however, has remarked 

 a peculiarity as respects the tail of dogs, which ap- 

 pears much better entitled to rank as a specific char- 

 acter ; that, whenever this member is of white 

 united with any other colour, the white is always 

 terminal. The same remark applies to other species 

 of this genus, equally with the dogs. 



Naturalists have divided dogs into several classes : 

 1. mastiffs , including the dog of New Holland, the 

 mastiff, (particularly so called), the Danish dog, and 

 the varieties of greyhound ; 2. the spaniels, includ- 

 ing the spaniel and its varieties, the water dog, the 

 hound, the terrier, the shepherd's dog, the wolf dog, 

 the Siberian dog, the Esquimaux dog, and thealcoor 

 Peruvian dbg ; 3. bull dogs, consisting of the bull 

 dog and its varieties, the house dog, the turnspit, the 

 pug, &c. 



The sagacity and attention of the dog are so great, 

 that it is not difficult to teach him to hunt, dance, and 

 exhibit a thousand tricks. The mode in which he is 

 taught to point out different cards that are placed 

 near him is this : He is first taught, by repeated 

 trials, to know something by a certain mark, and then 

 to distinguish one ace from another; food is fre- 

 quently offered him on a card he is unacquainted 

 with, after which he is sent to search it out from the 

 pack ; and, after a little experience, he never mis- 

 takes. Profiting by the discovery of receiving food 

 and caresses for his docility, he soon becomes able to 

 know each particular card, which, when it is called 

 for, he brings with an air of gayety, and without con- 

 fusion. But of the attainments by which the dog has 

 been distinguished, that of learning to speak is the 

 most extraordinary. The celebrated Leibnitz com- 

 municated a fact of this nature to the royal academy 

 of France ; and were it not that he asserts, that he 

 himself was a witness of the phenomenon, we should 

 scarcely have dared to report the circumstance. The 

 dog, from his account, could articulate about thirty 

 words, but it was necessary that they should be first 

 pronounced to him. 



Dogs are found in all parts of the world, with the 

 exception of a few groups of islands in the southern 

 Pacific ocean. It is only in temperate climates that 

 they preserve their ardour, courage, sagacity, and 

 other talents. When transported to very hot countries, 

 they lose those qualities for which we admire them. 

 These animals form an important article of food 

 among many nations. In China, the Society islands, 

 &c., young puppies are considered a great delicacy, 

 and are allowed by Europeans, who have overcome 

 their prejudices, to be very sweet and palatable. 

 This taste for dog's flesh is of very early origin. The 

 ancients regarded a young and fat dog as excellent 

 food ; and Hippocrates placed it on a footing with 

 mutton and pork, and, in another v\M--f: t observes, 

 that the flesh of a grown do^>- wliOK../me and nour- 

 ishing. The Romans admired sucking puppies, and 



