704 



DOIIM DOLLOND. 



round-leaved dogwood), seem to possess the same 

 properties as the preceiling. Some other plants liave 

 received the name of dogwood iii America, particu- 

 larly the poisonous sumach (rhtu veriti*). 



DOHM, CHRISTIAN WILLIAM VON; a Prussian 

 statesman and scholar, distinguished for his principles, 

 genius and merits ; was born at Lemgo, December 

 11, 1751. He was the son of a Lutheran minister 

 in that city, and cultivated his taste by the study of 

 ancient literature and tlir I nuli-li classics. He lived 

 tor Mime time in a private condition at Berlin, where 

 he made himself known by his writings. He was 

 then employed by the Prussian government, and, 

 during tin- rei-n of the two last kings and the pres- 

 ent, gradually rose from one post to another. He 

 was Prussian ambassador at the congress of Rastadt, 

 in 1 797, and, in the name of the whole diplomatic 

 corps, made a report concerning the murder of the 

 two French envoys. He remained in Westphalia 

 while the country was occupied by Napoleon ; for, 

 as his estates were in this part of the Prussian do- 

 minions, he was compelled to continue his residence 

 there, after tliev had been separated from Prussia by 

 the peace of Tilsit in 1807. By the command of the 

 French intendant general, he went to Paris in Sep- 

 tember, 1807, at the head of a delegation of the 

 states of the province and the administrative autho- 

 rities. After his return, in December of the same 

 year, he was made a member of the council of 

 state ; and in February, 1808, he was appointed 

 by the king ambassador to the court of Dresden. 



A dangerous inflammation of the lungs forced him 

 to retire in April, 1810. He was permitted to reside 

 on his estate of Pustleben, in the county of Hohen- 

 stein, till he should be able to take his place again 

 in the council of state. From that time he devoted 

 himself exclusively to historical pursuits. His work 

 Denkrcurdigkeiten meiner Zeit, oder Beitrage zur 

 Geschichte con 1778 bit 1806, Lemgo and Hanover, 

 1814 19, 5 vols. (which extend to the death of Fre- 

 deric the Great) gives much information respecting 

 the most memorable persons and events since 1778, 

 drawn partly from his own observation and expe- 

 rience, partly from other sources. It is esteemed, 

 also, on account of its clearness, correct spirit, and 

 impartiality. Dohm died at his estate of Pustleben, 

 May 29, 1820. 



DOIT was the ancient Scottish penny piece, of 

 which twelve were equal to a penny sterling. Two 

 of them were equal to the bodle, six to the baubee, 

 and eight to the acheson. There was also, in Lower 

 Germany, a small coin called deut (pronounced like 

 doit) and dutcAen, the diminutive of deut. In the 

 Netherlands, the coin is called dayt, and Frisch be- 

 lieves that these words took their origin from the 

 French tele, head ; the piece of twenty kreuzer is 

 still called, in Germany, kopf stuck (head-piece). 



DOLCE, CARLO (also Carlino Dolce), a celebrated 

 painter, of the Florentine school, was born at Flo- 

 rence, in 1616, and died there in 1686. He was a 

 disciple of Jacopo Vigniali ; and his works, in 

 Fiorillo's opinion, bear the character which his name 

 implies. His subjects are principally heads of ma- 

 donnas and saints, so mild and soft that they have 

 been reproached witli want of character. In minute- 

 ness and accuracy of finish, he approaches the Dutch 

 school. It must be confessed, however, that in his 

 madonnas we discover frequent repetitions, and that 

 his paintings betray that timidity and melancholy to 

 which he was subject. His works are spread over 

 all Europe ; many of them are in Florence. Three 

 of his best pieces are in the gallery at Dresden ; 

 namely, Cecilia, or the Organ-Player, Christ blessing 

 the Bread and Wine (which has been very frequently 

 engraved), and Herodias with the Head of John the 



, also, is Chi ict 



Baptist. Among his chief productions 

 on the Mount of Olives, now at Paris. 



DOLL, FREDERIC WILLIAM ; a distinguished Ger- 

 man artist, and professor of the art of sculpture in 

 Gotha, was born at Hildburghausen in 1750. His first 

 important work was the monument of Winkclmann, 

 which was honoured with a place in the Pantheon at 

 Rome. His best works are the Reliefs in the riding 

 academy at Dessau ; a large group representing 

 Faith, Hope, and Charity, for the principal churcii 

 at Lunenburg ; the monument of Leibnitz at Hano- 

 ver, and Kepler's at Ratisbon. He died at Gotluv, 

 March 30, 1816. 



DOLLAR ; a coin of different value. (See Coins.) 

 This word corresponds to the German thaler, the 

 Low-German dahler, the Danish daler, the Italian 

 tallero. All these words, together with dollar, are 

 derived from the name of the Bohemian town Joa- 

 chims-Thai (Joachim's Valley), where, in 1518, the 

 count of Schlick coined silver pieces of an ounce 

 weight. These, indeed, were not the first of the 

 kind coined ; yet, as they were numerous and very 

 good, they became generally known by the name of 

 Joachims-thaler, which is the German adjective of 

 Joachims-thai, and also Schlickcnthaler, from the 

 name of the count. As these coins were in good 

 repute, thalers were also coined in other countries, 

 but of different value : thus originated the laub-thaler 

 (leaf-dollar) Philipps-thaler, the Swedish copper dol- 

 lar, &c. In Russia, a dollar is called jephimock, from 

 Joachim. 



DOLLAR, the name of a small village and parish 

 in Clackmannanshire, Scotland, situated at the bot- 

 tom of the Ochil hills. The parish is three miles in 

 length, and one and a half in breadth. Within it 

 stands the romantic ruin of Castle Campbell, occu- 

 pying a high and almost insulated rock among the 

 hills, and which, in old times, was the scene of seve- 

 ral remarkable events. In 1819, an endowed aca- 

 demy was erected near the village, for teaching 

 ancient and modern languages, as well as some of 

 the arts and sciences. The founder of this institu- 

 tion was a Mr M'Nab, a native of the parish, who 

 bequeathed a large sum for the purpose. Unfortu- 

 nately, " the minister and kirk-session of Dollar " 

 are constituted sole governors and patrons of the 

 institution, which virtually leaves the whole manage- 

 ment in the hands of a single clergyman, and conse- 

 quently lays it open to the risk of a narrow and sel- 

 fish policy. Notwithstanding this, the academy can 

 boast ofcMr Tennant, author of "Anster Fair," as 

 one of its professors. Population of the parish in 

 1831, 1447. 



DOLLOND, JOHN, an eminent optician, of French 

 descent, was born in Spitalfields, in 17C6. He was 

 brought up a silk-weaver, and carried on that busi- 

 ness for many years ; but, finding it little congenial 

 to his taste, he devoted himself to the study of ma- 

 thematics, optics, and astronomy, and at last com- 

 menced optician, in conjunction with his eldest son, 

 Peter. His first attention was directed to the im- 

 provement of refracting telescopes, an account of 

 which was printed in the Philosophical Transactions, 

 vol. xlviii.; and he soon after communicated his 

 discovery of the micrometer, as applied to the re- 

 flecting telescope. Mr Dollond then engaged in a 

 defence of Newton's doctrine of refraction, against 

 Euler, which correspondence was also published in 

 the Philosophical Transactions. He next constructed 

 object-glasses, in which the refrangibility of the rays 

 of light was corrected, to which the name of achro- 

 matic was given by doctor Bevis, on account of their 

 being free from the prismatic colours. In 1761, Mr 

 Dollond was elected F.R.S., and appointed opticiaii 

 to the king ; but died of apoplexy in the same year. 



