DROZ DRUMMOND. 



735 



from apoplexy, the patient should be placed in a coc 

 air, and the clothes loosened, particularly about th 

 ntck and breast. Bleeding must be early employee 

 by a medical assistant ; the quantity regulated by th 

 state of the pulse. Cloths soaked in water, spirits 

 or vinegar and water, should be applied to th 

 head, which should be instantly shaved. All stimu 

 lants should be avoided. In cases of coup de soldi 

 or strokes of the sun, the same means are to be use 

 as in apoplexy. 



General Observations. On restoration to life, a tea 

 spoonful of warm water should be given ; and then 

 if the power of swallowing be returned, small quan 

 tities of warm wine, or weak brandy and water, warm 

 the patient should be kept in bed, and a dispositior 

 to sleep encouraged, except in cases of intoxication 

 apoplexy, and coup de soldi. Great care is requisite 

 to maintain the restored vital actions, and, at th 

 same time, to prevent undue excitement. The treat 

 ment recommended by the society is to be perseverec 

 in for three or four hours. It is an erroneous opinion 

 that persons are irrecoverable, because life does no 

 soon make its appearance ; and it is absurd to sup- 

 pose that a body must not be meddled with or re 

 moved without the permission of a coroner. 



DROZ ; the name of three celebrated mechani- 

 cians : 



1. PIERRE-JACQUET, born at Chaux-de-Fond. As- 

 piring to be something more than a mere workman, 

 he endeavoured to perfect the different parts of clock- 

 work, and succeeded in attaching to common time- 

 pieces, at a small expense, machinery which pro- 

 duced music resembling the chime of bells, and the 

 music of a flute. His attempts to discover the means 

 of effecting a perpetual motion, led him to important 

 discoveries. He contrived, among other things, a pen- 

 dulum, which, being composed of two metals of un- 

 equal dilatability, remained unaffected by heat or 

 cold. He afterwards made his celebrated writinj 

 automaton, which, by means of machinery containe< 

 within the figure, was made to move its fingers and 

 hands, and to form handsome letters. His last work 

 was an astronomical clock. He died before this was 

 finished. 



2. HENRI-LOUIS-JACQUET, son of the preceding, born 

 1752, at Chaux-de-Fond. From his earliest youth, he 

 was employed in mechanical works. At the age of 

 twenty-two, he went to Paris with some of the pro- 

 ducts of liis labour ; among which was an automaton, 

 representing a young female, which played different 

 tunes on the harpsichord, followed the notes in the 

 music book with her eyes and head, and, having 

 finished playing, rose and saluted the company. In 

 Paris, he caused one of the workmen, taught by his 

 lather, to make a pair of artificial hands for a young 

 man who was mutilated, by means of which he was 

 enabled to perform most of the necessary offices for 

 himself. " Young man," said the famous Vaucanson 

 to Droz, when he saw this work, " you begin where 

 I should be willing to end." He died 179 1, at Naples, 

 where he had gone for the recovery of 1us health. 



3. JEAN-PIERRE, who united himself, in 1783, with 

 Boulton, in Birmingham, for the purpose of striking 

 all the English copper coin. He made for the French 

 mint a stamping machine, which, with one stroke, 

 and less expenditure of power than is required in the 

 usual process, stamps both sides and the rim of coins. 



DRUIDS. These priests of the Celts, or Gauls, 

 resembled, in many respects, the Bramins of India : 

 they formed a distinct caste, possessing the greatest 

 authority, being the learned men and philosophers of 

 these people, and having also very great authority in 

 the government of the state. Julius Cssar has left 

 more information concerning them than any other 

 writer. According to him, they performed all pub- 



lic and private sacrifices, explained the doctrines of 

 their religion, distributed all kinds of rewards, ad- 

 ministered justice at stated times, and determined 

 the punishment which should be inflicted on offend- 

 ers. Whoever opposed their decisions, was excom- 

 municated by them, and thereby deprived of all share 

 in religious worship. They could even pronounce 

 this curse against a whole jjeopte ; and, in fact, their 

 power had hardly any limits. They appointed the 

 highest officers in all the cities, and these dared not 

 undertake anything without their advice and direc- 

 tion. They were free from taxes and all public bur- 

 dens. Instruction in religious and all other kinds of 

 knowledge, the art of war alone excepted, was in- 

 trusted entirely to them. They gave oral instruction 

 in the form of verses, which often had a hidden 

 meaning, and which were committed to memory. 

 According to Caesar, they believed in the immortality 

 of the soul, and its transmigration through different 

 bodies. They taught, moreover, the nature and 

 motions of the heavenly bodies, the magnitude of the 

 universe and the earth, the nature of things, and the 

 power of the gods. They also practised astrology, 

 magic, and soothsaying. According to Pliny, they 

 were not ignorant of natural philosophy and physic. 

 They had a wonderful reverence for the holy mistle- 

 toe (a parasitical plant, which grows, not from the 

 earth, but on other plants, particularly on the oak, 

 and which, even at the present time, is celebrated as 

 a remedy for epilepsy). This they looked upon as 

 the holiest object in nature, and as a panacea : they 

 likewise esteemed the oak sacred, from which cir- 

 cumstance they have derived their name. The Druids 

 !iad a common superior, who was elected by a ma- 

 jority of votes from their own number, and who en- 

 joyed his dignity for life. Their principal seat was 

 n Britain. The temples of the Druids bear a strong 

 resemblance to those of India. 



DRUM. Instruments which produce a sound by 

 means of a tightly extended skin, are common in 

 almost every part of the world. The tambourine is 

 bund among most nations ; the ancients called it 

 tympanum. All these instruments are used both for 

 jrotane and sacred purposes. But the peculiar use 

 > f the drum for military purposes seems to have been 

 introduced among the Europeans in the time of the 

 rusades. There are very many different kinds of 

 drums in the East, described by Niebuhr, the father, 

 in his Reisebeschreibung, i. 180, with his well known 

 accuracy. The kettle drum, the base drum, tam- 

 >ourine, and other kinds, are all common in the East. 

 The drum, as a military instrument, is used both to 

 >eat the march and to give signals. No man, who 

 las not experienced it, can imagine the exciting 

 jower of the drum. The fatigued and exhausted 

 oldier is at once animated by its sound ; and in 

 >attle it preserves order, and inspires courage in a 

 >ody attacking en colonne. The French drummers 

 lerform admirably, and, under Napoleon, a great 

 umber were attached to each battalion. A drum 

 rhich has acquired historical celebrity, is that which, 

 iy the order of Zisca, was covered with his own skin, 

 that he might still aid in battle, where he had so often 

 Commanded, even after he had become blind. 



DRUMMOND, WILLIAM, of Hawthornden, a poet 

 f the seventeenth century, distinguished for the ele- 

 >ance and tenderness of his verses, was born at Haw- 

 lornden House, on the Esk, within seven miles of 

 dinburgh, 13th December, 1585. He was educated 

 t the university of Edinburgh ; after which he spent 

 our years in foreign travels, residing, for a part of 

 le time, at Bourges, to study the civil law. On his 

 stum to Scotland, he resigned all idea of the law, 

 nd, retiring to his romantic seat of Hawthornden, 

 himself up to the cultivation of poetry and polite 



