743 



DUFRESNE DULWICH. 



subjects of martial arbitrament. But this did not 

 supplant tlie mode of decision by combat ; and no 

 court of this sort seems to be now in existence, or, 

 ut least, in the course of practical administration, in 

 nny country ; and whether it be at all practicable, 

 re-mains yet to be determined. 



DUFRESNE, or DU FRESNE, CHARLES, lord of 

 Cange, hence often called Ducange ; a man of let- 

 ters, who did much for the history of the middle 

 ages, especially as regards his own coiintry, as well 

 as for the Byzantine history. He was born in 1610, 

 <it a farm near Amiens, of a respectable family, and 

 studied in the Jesuits' college, at that place, after- 

 wards at Orleans and Paris. At this last place he 

 became parliamentary advocate, in 1631, and, in 

 1645, royal treasurer at Amiens, from which place 

 he was driven by a pestilence, in 1668, to Paris. 

 Here he devoted himself entirely to literature, and 

 1'iiblished his great works, viz., his Glossary of the 

 (5 reek and Latin peculiar to the Middle Ages and the 

 Moderns; bisHistoria Byzantina (Paris, 1680, fol.) ; 

 the Annals of Zonaras; the Numismatics of the Middle 

 Ages, and other important works. He died in 1688. 

 DUGUAY-TROUIN, RENE, a distinguished 

 French seaman, was the son of a rich merchant and 

 skilful navigator, and born at St Malo, in 1673. 

 He made his first voyage in 1689, in a vessel of 

 eighteen guns, which his family fitted out, in the 

 war against England and Holland. His courage 

 induced his family to trust him with a ship of fourteen 

 guns. Being driven on the coast of Ireland, he 

 burnt two ships, and took a fort, in spite of the op- 

 position of a numerous garrison. He was once taken 

 prisoner, and carried into Plymouth. He there 

 gained the love of an English female, who procured 

 him his liberty. He once more made a cruise on 

 the coast of England, and took two ships of war. 

 Duguay-Trouin, now in his twenty-first year, at- 

 tracted the attention of the government. Louis 

 XIV. sent him a sword. He captured great num- 

 bers of English and Dutch ships on the coast of 

 Spain and Ireland ; in 1696, he took a great part of 

 the outward bound Dutch fleet, under Wassenaer ; 

 in 1697, he entered the royal marine, as a captain. 

 He signalized himself so much in the Spanish war, 

 that the king granted him letters of nobility, in 

 which it was stated, that he had captured more than 

 300 merchant ships, and twenty ships of war. By 

 the capture of Rio de Janeiro, 1711, he brought the 

 crown more than twenty-five millions of francs. 

 Under Louis XV. he rendered important services in 

 the Levant and the Mediterranean. He died at 

 Paris, 1736. His memoirs appeared there, in 1740, 

 in 4 vols. His Eloge was written by Thomas. 



DUJARDIN, CHARLES, a Dutch artist, who ex- 

 celled in painting landscapes, animals, and scenes in 

 low life, was born in 1640, at Amsterdam. He 

 went to Italy when young, and was a member of the 

 society of painters at Rome, among whom he was 

 called Barba di Becco. His works met with general 

 approbation. On his return to his native country, 

 he contracted considerable debts at Lyons, to free 

 himself from which he married his old and rich land- 

 lady. He went with her to Amsterdam, where his 

 pictures were valued very highly. He soon secretly 

 left his home in that city, probably from dislike to 

 his wife, and went to Rome, where he was welcomed 

 by his old friends and admirers, and lived at great 

 expense. Thence he went to Venice, where he 

 died, in 1678, in the prime of his life. His land- 

 scapes have spirit and harmony, his figures expres- 

 sion, and his colour the brilliancy which distinguishes 

 his school. His paintings are rare, and command a 

 high price. He also published fifty-two landscapes, 

 etched with much spirit and ease. 



DUKE (from the Latin dux, leader, commander). 

 Among tlie ancient German tribes, the military 

 leaders were chosen by the people (reges ex nobilitate, 

 duces ex virtute sumunt, says Tacitus), with whom, 

 however, the whole legislative power remained, 

 this is the natural and probably the common origin 

 of tlie princes of all nations. By degrees, as ap- 

 pears from Marculphus, and Gregory of Tours, the 

 oath of allegiance was introduced among the Franks, 

 which was taken, not only by the followers of the 

 prince (comites), but also by the people at lare, 

 who still continued, however, to hold the legislative 

 power. The counts and dukes, after this time, were 

 no longer chosen by the people, but by the prince. 

 Dukes were set over provinces or districts, to regulate 

 the military affairs, and counts to administer justice, 

 and to collect the taxes. (See Count.) Charlemagne 

 suffered the dignity of the dukes to cease, because 

 their power seemed to him too dangerous. But the 

 incursions of foreign tribes into Germany made tlie 

 re-establishment of dukes necessary under his succes- 

 sors. In 847, the emperor Louis appointed a duke 

 of Thuringia, to protect the frontiers against the 

 Wendes, or Vandals, a Sclavonic tribe. The power 

 of the dukes now gradually increased, their dignity, 

 like that of counts, became hereditary, and they soon 

 became powerful members of the German empire. 

 An archbishop of Cologne, Bruno, was the first who 

 bore (in 959) the title of archduke, which, since the 

 time of the emperor Frederic III. (1453), has been 

 given exclusively to the princes of the house of 

 Austria. All the Austrian princes are archdukes. 

 The kings of Poland styled themselves grand-dukes 

 of L ithuania ; and Maximilian II., emperor of Ger- 

 many, gave this title of grand-duke to the dukes 

 of Florence. Napoleon conferred the arch-ducal 

 dignity on several German princes, which the, con- 

 gress of Vienna confirmed to them. In other coun- 

 tries, duke is only a title of nobility, as duca in Italy, 

 due in France, and duke in Britain. In the two 

 first countries, dukes are the second in rank among 

 the nobles ; in the latter, the highest. Napoleon 

 created dues, after he had assumed the title of empe- 

 ror, and gave them titles generally taken from places 

 or countries in which they had distinguished them- 

 selves ; as, for instance, Duroc was created duke of 

 Friuli. In England, the first hereditary duke was 

 the Black Prince, created by his father, Edward III., 

 in 1336. The duchy of Cornwall was bestowed 

 upon him, and was thenceforward attached to the 

 eldest son of the king, who is considered dux natus. 

 The duchy of Lancaster was soon after conferred on 

 his third son, John of Gaunt, and hence arose the 

 special privileges which these two duchies still in 

 part retain. In the reign of Elizabeth, in 1572, the 

 ducal order was extinct, and not revived till the crea- 

 tion of Villars, duke of Buckingham, by James I. 

 There are now, besides the brothers of the king of 

 England, who are all dukes, twenty British dukes. 

 The coronet of a British duke consists of eight 

 strawberry leaves, on a rim of gold. His style is 

 most high, potent, and noble prince your grace. 

 In the distribution of the empire, under Constantine, 

 dux was the title borne by a military provincial 

 governor. On the division of the empire, thirteen 

 duces were, nominated in the East. In the Bible 

 the word dukes is used, Gen. xxxvi. 15, for the ducet 

 of the Vulgate. 



DULWICH ; a village in Surrey, England, noted 

 for the College of God's Gift, five miles S. E. of Lon- 

 don. The gallery of paintings at Dulwich college 

 is one of the finest collections in the world. Dul- 

 wich is charmingly situated, and the delightful walk 

 to the village, after leaving the long and noisy 

 streets of the metropolis, adds to the enjoyment of 



