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DUMOURIEZ. 



Treatise on Punishments.) This was pointing out 

 but a small part of their imperfections. But it is 

 from this source that he drew out all the philosophy 

 of Bentham. The public hail afterwards an occasion 

 to judge of Mr Bentham's style (when he published 

 himself), of his obscurity, his neologism, his pleasan- 

 tries, at the same tune grotesque and learned. M. 

 Duinont, judging that the manuscripts of Mr Bentliam 

 would never be published, or, if they were, in the 

 original form, would produce no impression, succeed- 

 ed ill having them given up to him to do what he 

 wished with them. Bentham "refused at the same 

 time any participation in the work, and declared that 

 he should in no way hold himself responsible for it." 

 (Theory of Punishments, pref. 10.) Dumont, then, 

 penetrating to the original ideas, remodelled, and 

 made them over again, so far as not only to change 

 entirely the style of the work, but also the argumenta- 

 tion, distribution, sometimes even the results. Sup- 

 pressing much, sometimes adding, always making 

 more perfect, he finally produced a system which has 

 powerfully excited thought and reflection all over 

 Europe. The works produced by this singular fusion 

 of two minds into a single one, were published in 

 the following order : 1. Treatise on Civil and Penal 

 Legislation (Paris, 1802, 3 vols. ; 2d edit., Paris, 

 1820); 2. Theory of Rewards and Punishments 

 (London, 1811, 2 vols.); 3. Tactics of Legislative 

 Assemblies, followed by a Treatise on Political 

 Sophisms (Geneva, 1816, 2 vols.); 4. Treatise on 

 Judicial Proofs (Paris, 1823, 2 vols.); 5. Of the 

 Organization of the Judiciary and Codification (Paris, 



1828, 1 vol.). Numerous manuscripts of Bentham, 

 which had already received the first labour from 

 Dumont, still remained in Ms hands, and he disposed 

 of them in favour of one of his nephews. 



When Geneva recovered her independence, in 

 1814, M. Dumont hastened back to his country, 

 where his attempts to introduce liberal principles 

 into the constitution of this little state, exposed him 

 to much political persecution ; but he succeeded, 

 eventually, in effecting some important improve- 

 ments. He afterwards laboured assiduously to in- 

 troduce an improved penal code, and was a member 

 of a committee, appointed in May, 1817, for this pur- 

 pose. A great deal of time was spent by Dumont, 

 and the other members of the committee, in digesting 

 a plan, which, however, was not laid before the 

 legislature at the time of his death, in September, 



1829. He was also active in getting up a peniten- 

 tiary, for which he drew up a plan in 1824, and which 

 is in very successful operation. He died at Milan, 

 while on a party of pleasure, in September, 1829. 

 See a fine notice of Dumont, by Sir James Mackintosh, 

 in the Foreign Quarterly Review, No. IX. 



DUMOURIEZ, CHARLES FRANSOIS, a French ge- 

 neral of great military talent, was born at Cambray, 

 in 1739, of a noble family of Provence. ^ He joined 

 the army in Germany, under marshal Estrees, in 1757, 

 and was appointed a commissary. He then served as 

 a cornet in the regiment of Escars. The day before 

 the battle of Clostercamp, he was wounded and taken 

 prisoner ; in 1761, was made a captain ; dismissed in 

 1763, and presented with the cross of St Louis. Too 

 active to remain unemployed, he offered his services 

 to the Genoese, and then to Paoli ; and, both parties 

 declining his proffers, he went on his own account to 

 Corsica, then returned to France, and proposed a 

 plan for reducing the island, but was not listened to. 

 Hereupon he went to Spain, visited the Portuguese 

 frontiers, and, in 1766, wrote his well known Essay 

 on Portugal (1768). The conquest of Corsica being 

 determined upon, Dumouriez went as quarter-master- 

 general of the small army which was sent thither 

 and was afterwards made colonel. He had frequent 



<lii;iiTels with all the generals, especially with Mar- 

 lxuf. In 1770, the government gave him the cOir- 

 ini--si(iii to oppose the measures ot the Russian court, 

 it the confederation of Bar. He took part in the 

 campaign of 1771, against the Russians. In 1773, he 

 was sent by the king on a mission to Sweden, but was 

 arrested at Hamburg, by D'Aiguillon, to whom the 

 mission was not agreeable, and put in the Bastile. In 

 1776, he was appointed one of the commissioners to 

 examine whether a naval dock should be constructed 

 on the coast of th* English channel, and, in 1778, 

 made an unsuccessful application for the command of 

 Cherbourg. In 1788, he was appointed brigadier. 

 In 1789, lie came out, in a pamphlet, in favour of the 

 principles then in vogue, but failed in obtaining, as 

 lie wished, the rank of general. He therefore re- 

 turned to Cherbourg, where he was made commander 

 of the national guard in that city, and governor of 

 Lower Normandy. At the end of the year, he again 

 returned to the capital, where he became a member 

 of the Jacobin club. He afterwards sought to effect 

 a union with Mirabeau, with whom he had formerly 

 been at variance. About this time, he was made 

 field-marshal of the twelfth division of the army ; 

 but, being dissatisfied with a post where he had little 

 opportunity to distinguish himself, he staid in the ca- 

 pital, and courted more than ever the Jacobin party. 



After leaving the ministry, in which he had been 

 placed for some time, he was made lieutenant-general 

 in the army of Luckner, on the northern frontiers, and 

 was invested with the command of this army after the 

 departure of Lafayette (19th of August). The Prus- 

 sians, Austrians, and united emigrants, had then 

 made themselves masters of Longwy and Verdun 

 and were advancing upon Champagne. He took his 

 position at Grandpre, and occupied the five passes of 

 the woody heights of Argonne ; but, when the pass 

 of Croix aux Bois was forced by the Austrians, he 

 retired to St Meneliould, while Kellerman maintained 

 his position at Vabny (Sept. 20, 1792), and then 

 opened a negotiation with the king of Prussia. In 

 October, he returned to Paris, and formed a plan with 

 the executive council for the winter campaign. On 

 his return to the army, he issued a proclamation, 

 calling upon the Belgians to rise against their sove- 

 reign, and, November 6, assaulted the Austrian 

 camp at Jemappe. Notwithstanding their small 

 numbers, the imperial troops did not yield till after a 

 long and bloody battle ; after which he took up his 

 winter quarters on the Meuse and the Roer. At 

 this time, his hostility to the minister Pache, with 

 whom he had been at open variance during the 

 whole campaign, for neglecting the supplies of lu's 

 army, broke out into an open quarrel. He then re- 

 paired to the capital, with the view, as he tells us in 

 his Memoirs, of delivering the king, whose trial was 

 then beginning. On a second journey thither, he saw 

 many more deputies on the side of the Girondists ; 

 but he had little influence, and was himself accused in 

 the convention. Feb. 15, he opened the campaign 

 with the bombardment of Maestricht, and, from 

 Breda and Clundert, both which places he had cap- 

 tured, he made his attack on Holland. The greatest 

 part of his troops, however, whom he had scattered 

 in winter quarters, were in no condition to meet the 

 prince of Coburg. This general, March 1, assaulted 

 the French outposts on die Roer, overcame them, 

 and threatened Maestricht. Dumouriez now drew 

 together his troops to the plains of Tirlemont, gave 

 battle to the Austrians at Neerwinden, and was de- 

 feated, owing, according to his own account, to tne 

 mismanagement of Miranda, who commanded the 

 left wing. He met with another loss at Louvain, 

 and found himself obliged to retreat. 



These disasters were the signal for his downfall. 



