786 



ECCLESIASTICAL ESTABLISHMENTS- -ECIIENEIS. 



One place of worship for every 500 hearers 

 One clergyman for every 333 hearers. 

 One ar.'hl.'shi.p for every 3,00(1,000 hearers. 

 One prelate fur every 23,000 hearers. 

 Income, ..... 

 6,000,000 of hearers at 1,268,000 per million 



.17,600,000 

 7,596,000 



Eitimatei Expenditure on the Of rev of the Established Church 



of England and Ireland. 



IN IRELAND. 



Hearers, 400,000 



Affording- to the population return, there are in 



Ireland 6,846,000 people, say, . . . 7,000,000 

 The following U deemed their distribution into sects : 



Human Catholics 5,500,000 



l'ri.*tivterin, 800,000 



Church of Kiiifliiml and Ireland, . 400,000 



Methodist* and other sects, 3UO.OOO 



Places of worehip 740 



Clergymen . 1,700 



Archbishops 2 



Bishop*, . 18 



1 V:ms . 33 



Archdeacon*, 34 



Canons, prebends, &c. 500 



niRiiitnries, 587 



Working clergy 1,113 



(For full particulars see Ecclesiastical Register, printed by 



Nolan, Dublin.) 



One place of worship for every 5-10 hearers. 



One clergyman for every 235 llenrers. 



One arcnhishop for every 200,000 hearers. 



One prelate for every 23,000 hearers. 



Income, . ,1,300,000 



400,000 hearers, at 3,250,000 per million of hearers, 1,300,000 



Estimated Expenditure on their own Clergy, by Vie People who 



are not hearer* of the Established Church. 



IN ENGLAND AMU WALES. 



Hearers, 6,000,000 



Maces of worship, 8,000 



Clergymen, 8,000 



One place of worship to 750 hearers. 

 One clergyman to 750 hearers. 



Income 500,000 



Voluntary contributions, at an average rate of 65 for 

 each clergyman. 

 6,000,000 of hearers, at s5,000 per million, . . 510,000 



F.itimnted Expenditure on the Clergy of that Part of the People 



whose Minuter i do not receive Stipend* from the Kirk. 



IN SCOTLAND. 



Hearers, 500,000 



(See the numbers of each sect in the table of the Scottish 

 kirk.) 



Places of worship, 333 



At an average of one place of worship for every 1500 

 persons, as in the kirk. 



Clergymen, 400 



At an average of six clergymen to five places of worship. 



Income 44,000 



Voluntary contributions at an average of 110 each, to 

 400 clergymen. 



A place of worship to every 1500 hearers. 

 A clergyman to every 1250 hearers. 

 500,000 hearers, at 90,000 per million, . . . 15,000 



Estimated Expenditure on their ovm Clergy, by the people of 

 Ireland who are not of the Established Church, 



Hearers, 6,600,000 



Computed as follows : 



Catholics, 5,500,000 



Presbyterians, 800.000 



Methodists, and other sects, .... 300,000 



Places of worship, 2,378 



Clergymen, 2,378 



One place of worship for every 2400 hearers. 



One clergyman for every 2400 hearers. 



Income, ,z61,580 



Voluntary contribution, at an average of 110 each, for 

 2378 clergymen. 



6,600,000 hearers, at 40,000 per million of hearers, 264,000 



(Jovernraent grant, yearly, the sum of 13,487 to certain Pro- 

 testant ministers, viz., to Presbyterians, 8,697 ; to seceding 

 Presbvterians, 4,034 ; to other Protestant dissenting minis- 

 ters, 75fl. 



To these tables succeed, in the Remarks above- 

 mentioned, comparative tables, showing in one view 

 the expense of supporting the ecclesiastical establish- 

 ments in all the countries of Europe and America. 

 'I hese latter, it must be recollected, were drawn up 

 during the 'short sway of the constitutional govern- 



ments in Spain and Portugal, when the expense ct 

 the church in these countries was greatly reduced. 

 The following comparison, therefore, is true only of 

 that time : 



Christians throughout the World. 



Roman Catholic*. Proteiunti Greek Church. 

 Ill flreat Britain and Ireland, 5,800,000 15,200,00*1 

 In all the rest of the world, 1 18,872,060 38,856,000 41,500,000 



Total, 



124,672,000 51,056,000 41,000.000 



Catholics, . . 124,672,000 Pay to their clergy, 6,106.000 

 Protestants,. . 54,056,000 .... .11,906,000 



Greek Church, . 41,500,000 .... 760,000 



Total of Christians, 220,228,000 



18,772,000 



Of which England, for twenty- one millions, pays 

 more than halt (as things then stood). The restric- 

 tion in the preceding paragraph applies to a similar 

 estimate in our article Church. 



ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY. See Christian- 

 ity. 



ECCLESIASTICAL STATES. See Church, 

 States of the ; also Curia, Papal. 



ECHALOTE (allium ascalonicum) ; a kind of onion, 

 a native of Syria, which has been cultivated in 

 Europe for some centuries. The leaves are radical, 

 awl-shaped, and hollow ; the stem naked, six to eight 

 inches high, terminated by a globose umbel of pur- 

 plish flowers. The roots are pungent, but have an 

 agreeable taste, and are generally preferred to the 

 onion for various purposes of cookery. 



ECHARD, LAWRENCE ; an English divine and 

 historian of the last century. He was born in Suf- 

 folk in 1 671, and studied at Cambridge. He died in 

 1730. Among his works are, The Roman History, 

 3 vols. 8vo ; A General Ecclesiastical History, 



2 vols. 8vo ; both works extending only to the age of 

 Constantine; A History of England to the Revolution, 



3 vols. folio ; The Gazetteer's or Newsman's Inter- 

 preter. 



ECHEA (>>%ia from %ia, I sound), in ancient ar- 

 chitecture ; the name which the ancients gave to the 

 sonorous vases of bronze or earth, of a bell-like sliape, 

 which they used in the construction of their theatres, 

 to give greater power to the voices of their actors. 

 The size of these vases was proportioned to the mag- 

 nitude of the building, and their conformation such, 

 that they returned all the concords, from the fourth 

 and fifth to the double octave. They were arranged 

 between the seats of the theatres in niches made for 

 the purpose ; the particulars of which are described 

 in the fifth book of Vitruvius. According to this an- 

 cient author, such vases were inserted in the theatre 

 at Corinth, from whence Lucius Mummius, at the 

 taking of that city, transported them to Rome. It 

 would appear that similar means have been employed 

 in some of the Gothic cathedrals, to assist the voices 

 of the priests and choristers ; for in the choir of that 

 at Strasburg, formerly belonging to a monastery of 

 Dominicans, professor Oberlin discovered similar 

 vases in various parts of the vaulted ceilings. The 

 student is referred to Mr Wilkin's translation of Vi- 

 tmvius for further speculations on this curious mode 

 of construction. 



ECHELON (French; a ladder or stairway); used in 

 military language. A battalion, regiment, &c. , marches 

 en echelon, or par echelon, if the divisions of which it 

 is composed do not march in one line, but on parallel 

 lines. The divisions are not exactly behind each 

 other, but each is to the right or left of the one pre- 

 ceding, so as to give the whole the appearance of a 

 stairway. This order is used if the commander wishes 

 to bring one part of a mass sooner into action, and 

 to reserve the other. If the divisions of the echelon 

 are battalions, these are generally from 100 to 200 

 steps from each other. 



ECHENEIS; the remora in natural history, a 



