EFFIGY EGERTON. 



805 



both are used in conversation, commonly joined to 

 the name of their office. Thus the sultan's first phy- 

 sician is called Hakim effendi, the priest in the ser- 

 aglio, Iman effendi, &c. The Reis effendi, or chancel- 

 lor of the empire, is also minister of foreign affairs, 

 and negotiates with the ambassadors and interpreters 

 of foreign nations. Greek children are in the habit 

 of calling their fathers effendi. The term is often 

 used much in the same way as Sir, while the Greek 

 xufios may be compared to our Mr. 



EFFIGY, to execute or degrade in. The word 

 effigy is derived from the Latin effigies, picture ; and 

 the phrase at the head of tliis article denotes the exe- 

 cution or degradation of a condemned criminal, when 

 he cannot be personally apprehended, by subjecting 

 bis picture to the formalities of an execution ; for 

 instance, affixing the picture, with a rope round the 

 neck, to the gallows (hanging in effigy). This prac- 

 tice is still continued sometimes in Prussia, and pro- 

 bably in other countries. 



EFFLORESCENCE ; a term applied in chemistry 

 to the crystals of certain salts, which, on exposure 

 to the air, part with a portion of their water, and 

 crumble down into a white powder. See Crystalli- 

 zation, under the article Cohesion. 



EG ALITE, PHILIP, that is, Philip Equality; the 

 name adopted, after the abolition of monarchy in 

 France, by Philip Bourbon Capet, duke of Orleans 

 (q. v.). 



EGBERT, considered the first king of all Eng- 

 land, was of the royal family of Wessex. Egbert 

 served in the armies of Charlemagne. On the death 

 of Brithric, he succeeded him as king of Wessex, in 

 800. He reduced the other kingdoms, and rendered 

 them dependent on liim, in 827. He was much an- 

 noyed by the repeated inroads of the Danes. Egbert 

 died in 838. 



EGEDE, JOHN, the apostle of Greenland, was 

 'born, 1686, in Denmark, and, in 1707, became a 

 preacher at Wogen, in Norway. Having heard that 

 Christianity had been once established in Greenland, 

 but had become extinct in the country for want of 

 teachers, he was filled with grief. After the most 

 careful inquiry, he heard that the eastern coast of 

 Greenland was inaccessible, on account of the float- 

 ing ice, and that the southern was inhabited by sa- 

 vages. He resolved to visit the country, and to 

 preach the gospel to the inhabitants. But he was 

 without resources. The merchants in Bergen were 

 unwilling to undertake to trade with Greenland, and 

 the government refused his petition for ships, money, 

 and men, because they were involved in a war with 

 Sweden ; the bishops of Bergen and Drontheim 

 praised his noble resolution, but were unable to help 

 him. Having collected some money to aid him in his 

 purpose, he resigned his charge, received from the 

 Danish government, after the conclusion of peace 

 with Sweden, the title of royal missionary to Green- 

 land, with a small pension and three ships, one to 

 remain with him, another to bring back the news of 

 his arrival, and a third to engage in the whale fish- 

 ery. The government encouraged the Bergen mer- 

 chants to establish a Greenland trading company. 

 May 21, 1721, Egede embarked, with forty-six per- 

 sons under liis command. The whaling vessel was 

 wrecked ; the other two reached Greenland, but an 

 extent of twelve leagues of floating ice seemed to 

 make it impossible to land. June 4, they finally suc- 

 ceeded. The appearance of the country was wretched. 

 A house was built, and called the haven of hope. 

 The conversion of the Greenlanders was now under- 

 taken, but offered great difficulties ; and the whole 

 colony, tired of struggling against misery and wretch- 

 edness of every description, were eager to return to 

 Denmark. Egede resolved to adopt that course ; 



but the firmness of his wife prevailed upon them all 

 to remain, and trust to the arrival of a vessel from 

 Denmark with the necessary supplies. June 27, the 

 news was brought that two ships had arrived from 

 Denmark, with the necessary articles, and letters 

 which contained the assurance of efficient support 

 In the mean time, Egede had caused his son Paul to 

 paint several scenes from the Bible, perhaps to con- 

 vey to the Greenlanders some idea of the history, or 

 to excite their curiosity. As this did not succeed, he 

 took up his residence, with his two sons, among the 

 natives, in order to learn their language. He care- 

 fully noted down every word of which he discovered 

 the meaning ; he often performed long journeys, at 

 the peril of his life, to visit the remotest Greenland- 

 ers, for the purpose of gaining their confidence, in 

 which he succeeded by a thousand acts of kindness ; 

 he also endeavoured to render the trade more profit- 

 able to the crown, which sent liim a vessel annually 

 with supplies. Though he was unsuccessful in learn- 

 ing the language, his two sons, and especially Paul, 

 attained it with little difficulty. Egede, therefore, 

 sent him to Copenhagen for four years, to study 

 theology, that he might leave him as his successor in 

 Greenland. Egede, the father, after spending fifteen 

 years in Greenland, amid innumerable discourage- 

 ments, returned, in 1736, to Copenhagen, to make 

 new exertions for the support of Christianity in that 

 country. The government appointed him director of 

 the Greenland missions, and established his son Paul 

 in the office of missionary there. When age ren- 

 dered him incapable of the exercise of his duties, he 

 retired to the island of Falster, where he died, 1758. 

 His writings are in Danish, and have been translated 

 into German. They relate to the natural history of 

 Greenland, and his sufferings and adventures there. 

 His son, Paul Egede, born 1708, was his assistant 

 from the time he was twelve years old. He went to 

 Copenhagen, in 1723, carrying with him some Green- 

 landers, to be instructed in various trades : they all 

 soon died of the small-pox. Notwithstanding a strong 

 inclination for the naval service, he submitted to the 

 wishes of his father, studied divinity, and took charge 

 of the mission in Greenland. In this undertaking 

 he embarked in 1734, carried out with him new 

 colonists, and remained there till 1740. He then 

 returned to Copenhagen, received the office of chap- 

 lain in the hospital dedicated to the Holy Ghost, and 

 was commissioned, also, to direct the affairs of the 

 mission. The next year, he was appointed by the 

 king bishop of Greenland. He died in 1789. We 

 have from him an Account of Greenland, extracted 

 from a Journal kept from 1721 to 1788, published at 

 Copenhagen, 1789, 12mo ; moreover, a Dictionarium 

 Groenlandicum, Copenhagen, 1754 ; a Grammatica 

 Groenlandica ; a translation of the Gospels, the Pen- 

 tateuch, several Danish prayers and liturgies, and 

 the Imitation of Christ, by Thomas a Kempis, in the 

 Greenland tongue. 



EGERAN. See Jdocrase. 



EGERIA ; a nymph who received divine honours 

 among the Romans. Numa pretended to have secret 

 conversations with her, and to receive from her the 

 laws which he gave to the Romans. Some say Egeria 

 was the wife of Numa. 



EGERTON, FRANCIS (duke of Bridgewater) ; an 

 English nobleman, very highly distinguished for pub- 

 lic spirit, born in 1726. His father, the first person 

 who bore the title of duke of Bridgewater, had ob- 

 tained, in 1732, an act of parliament, authorizing 

 him to dig a canal from Worsley, one of his es- 

 tates, containing very valuable coal mines, to Man- 

 chester ; but the difficulties in the way of executing . 

 it deterred him from attempting it. Francis Eger- 

 ton, by the death of his father and elder brother, 



