ENCHORIAL ENCYCLOPAEDIA. 



857 



cups, &c., are finished and covered with beautifUl 

 foliage, arabesques, &c. 



ENCHORIAL, or ENCHORIC (from the Greek 

 It, in, and %&?<*, country.) The Egyptians employed 

 different alpliabets in writing hieroglyphic, hieratic, 

 (used by the priests) and enchorial (used for the com- 

 mon purposes of life, and hence called also epistolo- 

 grap/iic and demotic. Thus, on the Rosetta stone 

 there are three inscriptions, one in the hieroglyphical 

 character, one in what the Greeks called ly-^uon*. 

 weiftftaru, and one in Greek characters. Doctor 

 Thomas Young, in his Egyptian Antiquities (London, 

 1823, page 9), uses the word enchorial, or enchoric, 

 to designate these popular characters, while M. 

 Champollion calls them demotic. See Demotic, and 

 Hieroglyphics. 



ENCLAVE ; a term used in German and French, 

 to denote a place or country which is entirely sur- 

 rounded by the territories of another power. Thus 

 several petty duchies and principalities are enclaves 

 of Prussia. It is easy to conceive how much confu- 

 sion and difficulty in the administration and in 

 the imposition of duties must be caused by such a 

 local situation. It has always been a source of 

 disputes, which have been finally settled by trea- 

 ties. 



ENCLOSURE ; a fence, wall, or hedge, or other 

 means of protection and security, surrounding land. 

 Countries in general lie open, with nothing but banks 

 and ditches to divide the lands of the husbandmen ; 

 but in Britain each farm is divided from others by 

 hedges and fences, and the farms themselves are 

 broken into small enclosures. In France, Germany, 

 Italy, Spain, &c., the lands still remain unenclosed, 

 in large, open fields. Enclosures pleasantly subdivide 

 the labours of the farmer ; and, by restraining the 

 exercise of cattle, they occasion them to get fat 

 much sooner. 



ENCRATITES ; abstinent, or self-denying. See 

 Gnostics. 



ENCRINITE. See Organic Remains. 



ENCYCLOPAEDIA, or CYCLOPAEDIA. This 

 word, formed from the Greek, but not a native com- 

 pound of that language (which uses instead, tyx,ux\H>; 



ffa.t&l'itt,, /?< iv sivxKia, also tyKtixXia fixffnftttTK), 



originally denoted the whole circle of the various 

 branches of knowledge which were comprehended by 

 the ancients in a liberal education (the artes liberates 

 of the Romans ; see Arts.) The distinction between 

 the words Encyclopedia and Cyclopedia is almost too 

 nice to be comprehended. Mr Bowyer, the learned 

 printer, however, says, that the proposition en makes 

 the meaning of the term more precise; for Cyclopedia 

 may denote " the instruction of a circle," whereas in 

 Encyclopedia, the proposition determines the word to 

 be from the dative of cyclus, " instruction in a circle." 

 At a later period, the word was pplied to every 

 systematic view, either of the whole extent of human 

 knowledge (universal encyclopaedia), or of particular 

 departments of it (particular or partial encyclopaedia). 

 The want of such general surveys was early felt ; 

 and, as knowledge increased, they became still more 

 desirable, partly for the purpose of having a syste- 

 matic arrangement of the sciences, in their mutual 

 relations, partly for the readier finding of particular 

 subjects ; and, for these two reasons, sucli works 

 were sometimes philosophically, sometimes alphabeti- 

 cally arranged. The spirit of compiling, which pre- 

 vailed in the Alexandrian school, soon led to attempts 

 remotely allied to this, and Varro and Pliny the elder, 

 among the Romans, composed works of a similar kind 

 the former in the lost works, entitled Rerum humana- 

 rum et diuinarum Antiquitates, and Disciplinarum 

 fjibri 7X., the latter in his Historianaturalis). To these 

 may be added the later collections of Stobaeus, and 



Suidas, and especially of Marcianus Capella. These, 

 tiowever, were only preparatory labours. 



The honour of undertaking encyclopaedias on a 

 regular plan, belongs to the middle ages, which, 

 with iron industry, produced not only a large num- 

 ber of cyclopaedias of particular sciences, called 

 SummoE, or Specula (e. g. the Summa Theologian of 

 Thomas Aquinas), but also a Universal Encyclopaedia, 

 such as had never been seen before. The indefati- 

 gable Dominican, Vincent of Beauvais (Bellovacen- 

 sis), about the middle of the 1 3th century, exhibited 

 the whole sum of the knowledge of the middle ages, 

 in a work of considerable size (Speculum historiale, 

 naturale, doctrinale, to which an anonymous author 

 added, some years later, a Speculum morale, in a 

 similar form), in extracts from the works of the 

 writers of the time ; a real treasure to the inquirer 

 into the literary history of the middle ages, and not 

 without value in itself in many respects (e. g. for the 

 light which it throws on profane criticism). The 

 latest edition was published at Douay, in 4 vols. folio. 



In the 17th century, the works, by no means with- 

 out value, of Matthias Martinius, professor and rec- 

 tor in the gymnasium at Bremen (Idea methodical et 

 brevis Encyclopcedice sive adumbratio Universitatis, 

 Herborn, 160(5), and of John Henry Alstead (Ency- 

 clopaedia, vii Tomis distincta, Herborn, 1620, 2 vols. 

 fol.) were followed by those of the illustrious Bacon. 

 In these works, not, indeed, very voluminous, but 

 rich in deep and acute thinking (his Novum Organum 

 Scicntiarum, first published, London, 1620, fol. ; and 

 De Augment is Secintiarum, English, London, 1605, 

 4to, Latin, London, 1638, fol.), he laid the founda- 

 tion of a cyclopaedia full of the most profound inqui- 

 ries, and the boldest anticipations, which his own age 

 was not capable of understanding. 



Since his time, a multitude of encyclopaedias have 

 appeared, but none of them haw the purely scientific 

 design of Bacon, and all relate either to the instruc- 

 tion of the young and uninformed (Chevigny, La 

 Science des Personnes de la Cour, de I'Epee, et de la 

 Robe, 5th edition, by H. P. de Limiers, Amsterdam, 

 1717, 4 vols. ; J. E. Wagenseil, Pera Libroruni 

 juvenilium, Altorf, 1695, 5 vols.), or are intended 

 as books of reference for the learned. Among the 

 greatest works of earlier date would have beeu 

 reckoned the Galeria de Minerva of Cornelli, had.it 

 been completed according to the original plan. It 

 was to have appeared in 45 folio volumes, of which 

 only seven were published (Venice, 1696). See 

 Keyssler's Travels, vol. i. 1136. More successful, 

 at least in being brought to a completion, was the 

 Grosse vollstandige Universallexicon alter Wissenschaf- 

 ien und Kunste (Grand Universal Lexicon of all the 

 Arts and Sciences), commonly called Zedler's, from 

 the person who conducted it (Halle and Leipsic, 

 173250, 64 vols ; Supplement, 17511754, 4 vols. 

 fol.) ; but it has, on the whole, little merit, and is 

 successful only in some particular branches, as, for 

 instance, in genealogy. 



Of the English works of this kind, which deserve 

 notice, are 1. Chambers' Cyclopaedia, or a Universal 

 Dictionary of Arts and Sciences a work which has 

 passed through several editions. 2. Encyclopaedia 

 Britannica. Of this there have been seven editions, 

 all published in Edinburgh. The first edition came 

 out in 1788, in 10 vols. 4to ; the 4th in 1810 ; the 

 5th in 1815 ; the 6th in 1823, in 20 vols. ; and the 

 7th, with supplement incorporated, commenced pub* 

 lishing in 1830, under the editorship of Mr Macvey 

 Napier. 3. Rees' Cyclopaedia, 39 vols. 4to, in 79 

 parts, with 6 supplementary parts, and numerous 

 engravings, London, 1802 20. In the technical 

 department, particularly, this is the most complete 

 work of the kind which we have. 4. Edinburgh 



