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GHOST GIANNONE 



lity of invention, and has therefore been imitated by 

 later artists. He was Ixmi at Florence, 144!), and 

 distinguished himself by a more accurate perspective 

 than his predecessors, although lie could not divest 

 liimself of the Jiabit of using gold, particularly in the 

 ornaments of his drapery. Several of his larger 

 works may be found in the chapel Sassetti, and in the 

 Trinity church at Florence, particularly his historical 

 1 -lives from the life of St Francis. His Truth is in 

 the Giustiniani (q. v ) collection. Ghirlandaio had 

 the honour of being the teacher of Michael Angelo. 

 His brothers, David and Benedict, did not equal him 

 as painters. Rhidolfo di Ghirlnndaio was a friend of 

 Raphael and the pupil of Fra Bartolomeo. 



GHOST, HOLY; according to Trinitarians, the 

 third person in the Holy Trinity ; according to the 

 Socinians, a biblical metaphor, to designate the 

 divine influence; according to some German ration- 

 alists, the Deity himself, as far as he exercises an 

 influence for spiritual and moral ends in general, 

 and for the support and extension of Christianity 

 in particular. The Roman Catholic church, in 

 speaking of the origin of the persons of the God- 

 head, declares the Son to be begotten by the Father, 

 and the Holy Ghost to have proceeded from both ; 

 yet the Son and Holy Ghost are both eternal, since 

 they are co-eternal with the Father. (See Creed.) 

 This is the doctrine of the Athanasian creed, and was 

 adopted also by the Lutherans and Calvinists. The 

 Holy G host is equal to the other persons of the Tri- 

 nity. (See Trinity.) The Greek Catholic church 

 maintains that the Holy Ghost proceeds from the 

 Father only ; and this difference is one of the main 

 points of distinction between that church and the 

 Roman Catholic. The history of the controversy is 

 shortly this: Tertullian andOrigen, two distinguished 

 fathers of the church in the third century, maintained 

 that the Holy Ghost was begotten by the Father 

 through the Son, and was superior to all other crea- 

 tures. Macedonius, bishop of Constantinople, in the 

 middle of the fourth century, denied that the Holy 

 Ghost was equal in essence and dignity to God the 

 Father. The council of Alexandria (362) declared 

 tli is bishop and his adherents, the Pneumatomaclu'sts, 

 teachers of heresy ; and the general council at Con- 

 stantinople (381) declared expressly to the whole 

 Christian church, that the Holy Ghost was the third 

 person of the Trinity, proceeding from the Father, 

 and to be worshipped equally with the Father and 

 the Son. Augustine taught, that the Holy Ghost 

 proceeds from the Father and the Son ; and the 

 council of Toledo, in 589, condemned all who be- 

 lieved otherwise. This deviation from the former 

 dogma occasioned a controversy, which lasted from 

 the eighth to the eleventh century, between the Wes- 

 tern or Latin, and the Eastern or Greek churches, 

 and finally led to their complete separation. The 

 Western church and the Protestants maintained that 

 the Holy Ghost proceeds from the Father and the 

 Son, while the Eastern church asserted that he pro- 

 ceeds from the Father alone. The worship of the 

 Holy Ghost as the third person in the Godhead, is, 

 however, common to both churches, and to the Pro- 

 testant Trinitarians, being essential to the faith in the 

 divine Trinity. 



GHOST, HOLY, ORDER OF THE ; an order of 

 male and female hospitallers. Guy, son of Wil- 

 liam, count of Montpellier, founded this order, 

 towards the end of the twelfth century, for the relief 

 of the poor, the infirm, and foundlings. He took the 

 vows himself, and gave a rule to the order. Pope 

 Innocent III. confirmed the order in 1198, and 

 founded an hospital in Rome, on which all the hospi- 

 tals of the order on the Italian side of the Alps were 

 dependent : all north of the mountains were depend- 



ent upon that of Montpellier. It is not known 

 when the order began to admit females. They take 

 care of young children, educate foundlings, and have 

 several hospitals in France. The dress of both sexes 

 is black, with a double white cross of twelve points 

 on the left breast. 



Ghost, Holy, Order of the ; the principal military 

 order in France, instituted in 1574, by Henry III. 

 The knights were required to prove their nobility for 

 tliree descents. The order of St Michael was the 

 lowest rank. The revolution abolished it, with all 

 the other orders. The Bourbons revived it. 



GIANNONE, PIETRO ; an author equally celebra- 

 ted by his fate and by his writings, born May 7, 1676, 

 at Ischitella, in the province of Capitanata (kingdom 

 of Naples). His talents gained him access to the 

 house of the learned lawyer Gaetano Argento, in 

 Naples, in which almost all the distinguished men of 

 the capital were at that time accustomed to assemble. 

 Here he conceived the plan of his most celebrated 

 work, which determined the destiny of his whole life, 

 his Storia civile del Regno di Napoli (4 vols., 4to, 

 Naples, 1723), in the composition of which he spent 

 twenty years, and in which the work of Angelo di 

 Costanzo, On Naples, served him as a guide. The 

 severity with which Giannone treated the church, 

 drew upon him the persecutions of the court of Rome, 

 and of the clergy in general ; and neither the autho- 

 rity of the viceroy of Naples, nor the protection of 

 the municipality of Naples, of which Giannone had 

 been elected advocate, were able to avert the storm. 

 The priests instigated the people of the city against 

 the man who had exposed the spiritual oppression of 

 the Romish court. The offensive publication was 

 burnt, and the author excommunicated. Giannone 

 therefore quitted Naples (1723), and took refuge in 

 Vienna. Here the protection of prince Eugene, and 

 the intercession of the chancellor Zinzendorff, of 

 count Bonneval, who afterwards became so celebrated, 

 and the chevalier Garelli, then physician of the em- 

 peror, procured him a pension. The emperor Charles 

 VI. still, however, regarded him with a suspicious 

 eye, and, in 1734, when don Carlos ascended the 

 throne of Naples, not only was his pension taken 

 from him, but he was obliged to leave Vienna. 

 Giannone now withdrew to Venice, with the 

 intention of continuing the work which he had 

 already begun at Vienna // Triregno, ossia del 

 Regno del Cielo, della Terra e del Papa, on which 

 he spent twelve years. It is to be regretted, that 

 his misfortunes prevented him from completing it as 

 he had proposed ; he brought it down only as far as 

 the ninth century. Some bitter satires against the 

 Roman court, which he had written in Vienna, where 

 the cardinal Pignatelli had released him from the 

 excommunication, were, by the advice of his friends, 

 not published. Giannone was favourably received 

 in Venice, particularly by the senator Angiolo Pisani, 

 but his prospects were soon changed. Having 

 declined to enter into the service of the republic 

 as advocate, and being suspected of entertaining- 

 opinions by no means favourable to the pretensions 

 of that ambitious state, in respect to the Adriatic sea, 

 he had, besides, the imprudence to associate too much 

 with the ambassadors of France and Spain. This 

 was sufficient to awaken the jealousy of the most 

 suspicious of all governments. His Lettera intorno al 

 Dominio del Mare Adriatico ed ai Trattati seguiti in 

 Venezia tral Papa Alessandro III., e I'Jmperador 

 Frederico Barbarossa, published a short time before, 

 in favour of the dominion of Venice over the Adriatic, 

 could not remove the suspicions of the senate, and 

 one night (in September, 1735), the sbirri of the 

 republic seized him, and the poor author was trans- 

 ported, as a dangerous enemy of the state, beyond 



