GIROUETTE GIUNTI. 



449 



of the Gironde. To refute the cnlinnnies of their 

 enemies, they also proposed that sentence of death 

 should be decreed against any who should pro- 

 pose the recall of the Bourbons to the throne, and 

 against the emigrants ; they also moved the decree 

 for tiie imprisonment of the duke of Orleans. At 

 tiie king's trial, Guadet, Gensonne, and Vergniand 

 voted for his death, after their proposal in favour of 

 an appeal to the nation had been rejected. (Vergni- 

 aud's extemporaneous Appeal to the People is one 

 of the most eloquent orations in the French language.) 

 After the sentence of death was pronounced, Guadet 

 made great efforts to delay the execution, and pro- 

 cured the fourth vote in that unfortunate trial. But 

 their enemies were too powerful for them. They 

 declined still more after they had the imprudence to 

 propose a decree against Marat, on the 20th April, 

 lie was acquitted by the revolutionary tribunal, and 

 the Mountain party thought that they might now 

 venture to bring the^leaders of the Girondists to the 

 bar of tiie tribunal. The Jacobins, however, seeing 

 that they should be unable to deprive the Girondists 

 of their majority in the assembly, employed the sec- 

 tions of Paris, which made their appearance before 

 the convention, and with tumultuous cries demanded 

 the condemnation of the Girondists; but Guadet was 

 triumphant both on this occasion and subsequently, 

 when the whole commune of Paris repeated the de- 

 mand. The mob of the suburb St Antoine and 

 others were now induced to take arms, and the tocsin 

 was sounded on the 31st of May, 1793. An armed 

 mob surrounded the convention, while Hassenfratz, 

 accompanied by a troop of pretended petitioners, and 

 supported by their murderous cries, demanded the 

 outlawry of twenty- two Girondists. At this decisive 

 moment, Guadet took possession of the tribune, and 

 his party seemed once more to triumph ; but the 

 resistance lasted only to the 1st and 2d June ; the 

 Jacobins, supported by a lawless mob, gained the 

 superiority, and thirty-four Girondists were put under 

 sentence of outlawry, and summoned to appear before 

 the revolutionary tribunal. The greater number of 

 the accused endeavoured to save themselves by flight 

 to the western departments, where they hoped to 

 raise the standard of rebellion against the assembly. 

 This body, however, sustained by terror, which had 

 become the great engine of government, advanced 

 with steady steps to their object. The number of 

 the proscribed was increased to fifty-three; sixty-six 

 others, who had protested against the proceedings of 

 the 1st and 2d June, were expelled from the assem- 

 bly, and even imprisoned. Executions rapidly suc- 

 ceeded each other. Gorsas first suffered under the 

 guillotine (Oct. 7, 1793), and, on the 31st, Brissot, 

 Gensonne, Vergniaud, Sillery, and seventeen others. 

 A few escaped, and among them Louvet, who pub- 

 lished the occurrences relating to his proscription in 

 a very interesting form, under the title of Quelques 

 Notices pour I'Histoire, &c. Roland, Petion, Con- 

 dorcet, and others, killed themselves. Guadet was 

 executed at Bourdeaux (July 17, 1794), at the age of 

 thirty -five years, and soon afterwards his father, 

 aunts, and brother, as relations of a person proscribed. 



The G irondists were pure patriots, with the image 

 of ancient republicanism and heroism before their 

 eyes, as their speeches and measures show : they 

 were animated by an elevated love of liberty, but 

 their doctrine did not answer the urgent demands of 

 so violent a period, when France, torn by civil dis- 

 cord, was threatened by powerful enemies from with- 

 out. The struggle of the Girondists with the Moun- 

 tain party, is one of the most interesting events in 

 the French revolution. See Mignet's Revolution 

 Francaise. 



GfROUETTE (French, weathercock). Tn repent 



limes, when political systems have succeeded each 

 other in France witli startling rapidity, many indivi- 

 duals of distinction have been found, of cour>c, to 

 turn with every political breeze, and a Dictionnairo 

 des G'iroziettes has been published, containing the 

 names of numerous public characters, with a number 

 of weathercocks against each name, corresponding 

 to the number of changes in the individual's political 

 creed. The Nestor of the girouettes is probably 

 Talleyrand, over whose name it would be sufficient to 

 draw a few weathercocks and several points, as the 

 mathematicians designate ad infinitum. 



GIULIO ROMANO (properly Giulio Pipi) the 

 most distinguished of Raphael's scholars and assist- 

 ants. He was born at Rome, in 1499. During tiie 

 lifetime of Raphael, he painted with him and under 

 his direction, and his inclination for the terrible and 

 violent was kept within proper limits; but after 

 Raphael's death, he followed his inclination more 

 freely. After having finished the great hall of Con- 

 stantine at Rome, under Clement VII., he went to 

 Mantua, not, as is generally supposed, to avoid the 

 anger of the pope, on account of some indecent pic- 

 tures sketched by him, and engraved by Raimondi 

 (as these appeared later), but at the request of count 

 Castiglione. He here found a wide field for the 

 exercise of his powerful genius, both in architecture 

 and in painting. The palace of the T was orna- 

 mented entirely by him, or by his scholars under his 

 direction. The school which he here opened, made 

 the principles of Raphael known in Lombardy. 

 After the death of San Gallo, in 1546, the building 

 of St Peter's was committed to him ; but he died the 

 same year. While he only aspired to follow his 

 master, he showed himself judicious, graceful, and 

 pleasing ; but when he afterwards gave himself up 

 to his own imagination, he astonished all by the 

 boldness of his style, by the grandeur of his designs, 

 by the fire of his composition, by the loftiness of his 

 poetical ideas, and his power of expression. We 

 admire all these qualities united in the fall of the. 

 Titans, in the palace of the T, and in the History of 

 Constantine (at Rome). He is accused of leaving 

 the study of nature for that of the antique style, of 

 not understanding drapery, of a uniformity in his 

 heads, and of a hardness in his colouring. On the 

 other hand, no master has displayed more talent and 

 science in his paintings. His most distinguished 

 scholars were Raphael dal Colle, Primaticcio and 

 Giovanni Battista Mantovano. 



GIUNTI. This celebrated family of printers, 

 called also Jvntce, Junta, Juncta, Giunta, and Zonta, 

 originated not from Lyons, as has sometimes been 

 supposed, but from Florence, where they appear as 

 early as 1354. The branch of the family which still 

 remains there, was elevated to the patrician rank by 

 a decree of 1789. They were eminent as booksellers 

 and printers, in the latter part of the fifteenth cen- 

 tury ; and their presses at Venice, Florence, Lyons, 

 and later at Burgos, Salamanca, and Madrid, contri- 

 buted, by the valuable works which issued from 

 them, to the promotion of European civilization. The 

 oldest of these presses appears to be that at Venice, 

 established by Luke Antonio Giunti, who removed 

 from Florence to Venice in 1480. At first, from 

 1482 to 1498, he only sold books, and had his print- 

 ing done by other hands (Catharina di Sienna Di&- 

 logo de la Divina Providentia, Venice, MUii. da 

 Codeca, 1482, 4to). But, in 1499, he set up a press 

 of his own, the first product of which was J. Mar. 

 Politiani Constittit. Ord. Carmelitarum, 4to. His 

 last impressions are dated 1537. the year of his death 

 The establishment was continued, after his death, 

 under the name Haeredes L. A. de Giunta, then un- 

 der the direction of his son Thomas, whose printing 

 2 K 



