450 



GIUSTIMANl COLLECTION GLACIERS. 



office was burnt in 1557. It was rebuilt, and con- 

 tinued under various masters till some time in tin; 

 next century. In 1644, the heirs of Thomas Giunta 

 appear, as partners in the house of Fr. Baba, and 

 this connexion was still existing in 1648. The last 

 publication known to be from the Venetian press, is 

 in 1657 (Hi 1 . Ochi Lib. III., de Febribits, Ven. apud 

 Juntas, 1(357). Their editions are not at all distin- 

 guished from the common Venetian editions of the 

 time, and rank far below the best of Manucci, Gio- 

 lito, and oilier-. The Giuntine editions are neither 

 distinguished for paper nor type, and seem not to 

 have been intended to promote the cause of litera- 

 ture, but merely for pecuniary profit. The Venetian 

 Giunti appear not to have published any editions in 

 parchment. They also published but few Greek works. 

 The edition of Cicero by Victorius, in 1534, is almost 

 their only remarkable publication. Their missals are 

 not without value. Philip Giunti, whose branch of 

 the family was afterwards so celebrated, and who 

 was son of one of the same name, and nephew of 

 Luke Antonio, established himself in his native city 

 of Florence. He probably enjoyed the instruction 

 of Christopher Landino. He had a printing-office in 

 Florence, and the first publication which issued from 

 it was Zenobius, in 1497. After the death of Philip 

 (1517), the establishment was continued by his heirs. 

 The last work published at the Florentine office, 

 seems to have been Buonarotti's Rime (1623). The 

 types of this office need not fear comparison with 

 those of Manucci ; but are rather inferior in variety. 

 Their italics might perhaps be preferred. But the 

 paper, the ink, and the whole appearance of the 

 editions of Aldus are better. The Florentine office 

 also published some large paper editions, and some 

 good editions in parchment. They probably pos- 

 sessed a type foundery, by which other contemporary 

 printers in Florence were supplied. The Giuntine 

 editions have not yet been thought worthy of being 

 the subject of particular collections, although they 

 appear to deserve it as much as the Aldine ; and it 

 has been quite too hastily concluded, that their edi- 

 tions were only republications of the Aldine texts. 

 The intrinsic value of their editions is greater than is 

 generally allowed. An accurate examination of the 

 Italian authors, printed at this office, shows what 

 great advantages the Giunti derived from the scho- 

 lars, whom they, as well as the Manucci, knew how 

 to collect around them. This commendation is less 

 applicable, however, to the office at Lyons, founded 

 by Jacob de Giunta, from Florence, son of Francis, 

 who appears to have been at Venice in 1519, but is 

 found in 1520 at Lyons, where he was first a pub- 

 lisher, and, after 1527, a printer. After his death, in 

 1548, the concern was continued by his heirs, of 

 whom we find traces in 1592. The relations which 

 subsisted between the Italian and Spanish offices, as 

 also among these last, are not so easily explained. 

 Juan Junta printed at Burgos, in 1526, 28 and 51; 

 Philip, perhaps the same person with the Florentine 

 Philip the younger, from 1582 to 93. Juan Junta is 

 found as a printer at Salamanca, 1534 52, who, 

 from all appearances, must have been the Juan Junta 

 of Burgos, and, in 1582, Luke appears there also. 

 We find Giulio Giunta at Madrid, in 1595, who died 

 in January, 1618 ; and Thomas Junta or Junti,from 

 1594 to 1624, who appears to have been the royal 

 printer in 1621. An index of the Giuntine editions, 

 to 1550, may be found in Ebert's Biblical Lexicon. 



GIUSTINIANI COLLECTION ; a beautiful col- 

 lection of paintings, which the king of Prussia bought, 

 in 1815, at Paris. It is now, with a selection of the 

 most beautiful pictures from the different royal 

 palaces, in the magnificent museum, lately built by 

 Mr Schmkel. These pictures were collected by a 



marquis Giustiniani, living at Rome towards the end 

 of the sixteenth century. In 1807, the collection 

 was carried to Paris, where the prince Giustiniani 

 sold it to M. Bonnemaison. There are now 170 

 pictures belonging to it. 



GIVEN is a term frequently used by mathemati- 

 cians, to denote something supposed to be known. 

 Thus, if a magnitude be known, it is said to be a 

 given magnitude. If the position of a thing be known, 

 it is given in position ; if a circle be described with a 

 known radius, its centre is given in position, and its 

 circumference given in magnitude, and the circle 

 itself is said to be given both in magnitude and posi- 

 tion. If the kind or species of a figure be known, it 

 is said to be given in species ; if the ratio between 

 two quantities be known, these quantities are said to 

 have a given ratio, &c. &c. 



GIVET. See Charlemont. 



GIZEH ; a city of Egypt, on the left bank of the 

 Nile, three miles above Cairo ; population, 8 or 

 10,000. The walls are of great extent, with only 

 one gate to the country ; they are ten feet high and 

 three thick ; the palace is in the south quarter, near 

 the Nile. Here is a cannon foundery. The houses 

 are built of brick and clay ; and the town has no other 

 ornament than four or five mosques, with minarets, 

 and some palm trees. A great number of earthen 

 pots are made here, and tiles, coarse and without var- 

 nish, of which the Egyptians do not well know the 

 use. Gizeh is chiefly distinguished for the pyramids 

 situated in its neighbourhood, two of which, those of 

 Cheops and Cephrenes, are the most remarkable 

 in Egypt. According to some authors, the city of 

 Memphis was situated here. 



GIZZARD. See Stomach. 



GLACIERS. The summits and sides of mountains, 

 above the limit of perpetual snow (see Snow), are 

 covered with a crust, which is harder than common 

 snow, yet not like common ice. More ice is formed 

 on the sides of mountains than on their summits ; but 

 this does not constitute the glaciers, properly so 

 called. The glaciers are vast fields of ice, extending 

 from the declivities of the mountains down into the 

 valleys, below the snow-iine. They are often hori- 

 zontal, generally however, a little inclined. The ice 

 of the glaciers is entirely different from that of the 

 sea and river water. It is not formed in layers, 

 but consists of little grains of congealed snow ; and 

 hence, though perfectly clear and often smooth on 

 the surface, it is not transparent. Its fracture is not 

 radiated, like that of sea ice, but granular. In the 

 numerous fissures, however, the ice near the surface 

 has a greenish, near the bottom, a blue cast. Along 

 the edges of the glaciers, are the moraines, as they 

 are called in Savoy (in Ic&and,jokelsgiarde). They 

 consist of an accumulation of earth, which is often 

 several fathoms high, and, in summer, present the 

 appearance of bottomless morasses, producing no 

 vegetation. It is probable that these moraines are 

 produced by the melting of the lower part of the 

 glacier, which always takes place in summer, without 

 which the annual accumulation of snow, in winter, 

 would form an endless crust. The great ice-fields 

 are also continually extending further down into the 

 valleys, where, in summer, they are at last partially 

 melted by the warmer temperature. In Lapland, 

 where the sun has less power, gfaciers slide down in 

 the region of the Sulitelma, which render the air so 

 cool, that the line of perpetual snow extends as low 

 as 3000 feet above the level of the sea. The descent 

 of the glaciers, which is assisted, in summer, by the 

 avalanches, is greater or less, according to the incli- 

 nation of the glacier. This is shown by the changes 

 in the position of large masses of rock around the 

 glaciers. They are evidently pushed along by the ice, 



