GRAHAM GRAINGER. 



517 



of another, in such a manner that they unite, and 

 produce fruit of the kind belonging to the tree from 

 which the scion was taken. By this practice, parti- 

 cular sorts of fruit may be kept from degenerating, 

 which they are very apt to do when raised from the 

 seed; for the grafts, though they receive their nou- 

 rishment from the stocks, always produce fruit of the 

 same sort as the tree from which they were taken. 

 This process, probably from the abundant supply of 

 nourishment afforded to the graft, has the advantage 

 of hastening the period of its bearing. On this 

 account, many sorts of fruit-trees are principally 

 raised in this way, as well as some ornamental plants 

 of the tree and flower kind. It also affords the means 

 of raising different varieties of the same kind of 

 fruits and flowers on one stock. 



GRAH AM, GEORGE, a celebrated clock and watch 

 maker, and one of the most accurate artists of his 

 day, was born at Kirklinton, in Cumberland, in 1675. 

 He was received into the family of the celebrated 

 Tompion, and became the inventor of several astro- 

 nomical instruments, which much advanced the pro- 

 gress of science. He was a member of the royal 

 society, and constructed the great mural arch in the 

 observatory at Greenwich. He also composed the 

 whole planetary system within the compass of a small 

 cabinet, from which model all succeeding orreries 

 have been formed. Several of his papers are in the 

 Philosophical Transactions. He died in 1751. 



GRAHAM, JAMES. See Montrose, marquis of. 



GRAHAM, JAMES, the author of " The Sabbath," 

 " The Birds of Scotland," and other poems, was born 

 in Glasgow, on the 22d April, 1765. After passing 

 through a regular academical course of education at 

 the university of his native city, he was removed to 

 Edinburgh, for the purpose of studying law, and, in 

 1791, he was admitted a member of the society of 

 Writers to the Signet. As his father stood at the 

 head of the legal profession in Glasgow, his prospects 

 of success in business were considerable ; but, from 

 early life, he entertained a dislike to the law, and 

 aspired to the distinction of becoming a clergyman. 

 He, however, did not give way to his desire for many 

 years ; for, in 1795, we find him admitted to the 

 Faculty of Advocates, of which learned body he con- 

 tinued a member until 1809, when he entered holy 

 orders as a clergyman of the church of England. 

 Previous to this, all his literary productions had been 

 published. While at the university, he printed and 

 circulated a collection of poetical pieces. These 

 appeared in an amended form in 1797. In 1801, he 

 published a dramatic poem entitled, " Mary, Queen 

 of Scotland," and, in 1802, appeared, anonymously, 

 The Sabbath." " The Birds of Scotland" and 

 " British Georgics" followed. 



After his ordination, he obtained the curacy of 

 Shefton, in Gloucestershire, which he held for half a 

 year, when he was recalled to Scotland by family 

 affairs. U'hile in Scotland, he was an unsuccessful 

 candidate for St George's episcopal chapel, Edin- 

 burgh. In August, 1810, he was appointed interim 

 curate to the chapelry of St Margaret, Durham, 

 where his eloquence as a preacher quickly collected 

 a large congregation, and after having officiated there 

 for a few months, he obtained the curacy of Sedge- 

 field, in the same diocese. The clerical profession 

 did not afford iiim that measure of happiness which he 

 had anticipated. His health failed him, and he was 

 advised to seek his native air. He, therefore, pro- 

 ceeded with his wife to Glasgow, but had only arrived 

 there two days, when he expired, at the residence of 

 his eldest brother, Mr Robert Graham of Whitehill, 

 on the 14th of September, 1811, leaving two sons 

 and a daughter. 



How deeply he loved, and how fondly he rejoiced 



to return to his native land, he has finely expressed 

 in the following lines : 



" How pleasant came thy rushing, silver Tweed, 

 Upon mine ear, when, after roaming long 

 In southern plains, I reach'd thy lovely banks.' 

 How bright, renowned Sark, thy little stream, 

 Like ray of column'd light chasing a shower, 

 Would cross my homeward path ! How sweet the sounds, 

 When I, to hear the Doric tongue's reply, 

 Would ask thy well-known name!" 



Mr Graham's poetry is chiefly of a meditative and 

 religious cast, but animated, flowery, and descriptive. 

 His character was marked by great gentleness of 

 disposition and simplicity, and his personal appear- 

 ance was strikingly handsome. He inherited from 

 his family strong Whig principles, which he enter- 

 tained to the last ; and, in connexion with this ifrmay 

 be mentioned, that, in 1832, his venerable brother, Mr 

 Graham of Whitehill, who had always been foremost 

 in the cause of the people, was elected Lord Provost 

 of Glasgow, being the first Lord Provost of that city 

 under the Scots Burgh Reform Bill a bill which 

 gave the citizens a voice in the election of their 

 magistracy. 



GRAIN ; the name of a small weight, the twenti- 

 eth part of a scruple in apothecaries' weight, and the 

 twenty-fourth of a pennyweight troy. 



GRAIN includes all those kinds of grass whicli 

 bear a straw, and which are cultivated on account of 

 their seeds for the production of meal or flour. The 

 word corn, or its equivalent in other languages, is fre- 

 quently applied exclusively to that kind of grain 

 which constitutes the chief nourishment of the coun- 

 try -. thus, in a great part of Germany, it is rye ; in 

 France, it is wheat ; in the Low Countries, it is spelt 

 (a sort of wheat); and in North America, it is maize. 

 That the different kinds of grain grow wild in some 

 countries, is well known, as, for example, barley and 

 oats in Germany ; but they have not the perfection 

 of our cultivated grains. These all seem to be na- 

 tives of warmer climates in Asia, Africa, America 

 (South), and to be annual plants, becoming hybernat- 

 ing only from cultivation, since a summer does not 

 suffice, in northern climates, for their development. 

 In common with most grasses, they form their stalks 

 or stems upon the lower joints of the root. Their 

 fascicular roots spread themselves out chiefly upon 

 the surface of the ground, which they almost cover 

 with their thick web, while a smaller part penetrates 

 deeper, when they find looseness of soil and nourish- 

 ment to attract them. All kinds of grain contain 

 nutritious particles of a similar character, although 

 they vary, both in their quantity and in their mixture, 

 in various grains. These elements are, I. gluten 

 (q. v.), which affords the strongest nourishment for 

 the animal body ; 2. fecula or starch (q. v.), which 

 is very nutritious, although not so much so as gluten, 

 which, however, it seems to render more digestible ; 

 3. a sweet mucilage, which is more nutritious than 

 starch, but is small in quantity, and renders the grain 

 liable to the vinous and acetous fermentation; 4. the 

 hulls, which consist of a fibrous matter, and contain 

 a digestible, aromatic substance ; 5. moisture, which 

 is predominant even in the dryest grain, and in- 

 creases the weight of the mass, although it lessens 

 the specific gravity ; it affords no nourishment, has- 

 tens the decomposition of all kinds of grain, if they 

 are not kept very dry, and serves, after planting, to 

 stimulate the first motions of the germ. 



GRAINGER, JAMES, a physician and poet of the 

 last century, was born at Dunse, in Berwickshire, in 

 1724. His father placed him as a pupil with a sur- 

 geon at Edinburgh, where he attended the medical 

 lectures at the university. Having finished his stu- 

 dies, he entered the army as a regimental surgeon, 

 and served in Germany till 1748 ; after which he took 



