GRAPE G RATTAN. 



531 



Charles V. before the state? of Flanders, at his abdi- 

 cation, and spoke in a manner worthy the occasion. 

 The armistice of Vaucelles had established peace 

 between France and Spain for five years. Henry II., 

 king of France, infringed it. Granvella renewed 

 the negotiations, and finally procured a treaty of 

 peace, which he signed at Chateau-Cambresis, in 

 1559. Philip immediately after quitted the Nether- 

 lands, which were already in a state of great com- 

 motion, leaving Margaret of Parma as governor, and 

 Granvella as her minister. This post necessarily 

 brought upon him the hatred of the people, as all 

 harsh and forcible measures were charged to him, 

 while, at the same time, his enemies represented to 

 Philip, that his weakness and mildness favoured the 

 advancement of the new opinions. Philip, however, 

 knew better the abilities of his minister, and ap- 

 pointed him to tlie archbishopric of Mechlin. His 

 zeal for the re-assembling of the council of Trent, 

 and for the suppression of Baianism, procured him a 

 cardinal's hat. Granvella's enemies did not, on that 

 account, desist from uttering their complaints against 

 him, and even succeeded in prejudicing the weak 

 Margaret against him, and at length, in 1564, 

 obtained the commands of Philip for his return to 

 Franche Comte. Margaret soon discovered her 

 error in depriving herself of such a faithful minister, 

 and sought, but in vain, to procure his return. 

 Granvella spent the next five years in study and the 

 society of learned men. He was a member of the 

 conclave which elected Pius V. to the popedom. In 

 1570, Philip sent him once more to Rome, to con- 

 clude an alliance with the pope and the Venetians 

 against the Turks. These last threatened Naples, 

 whither Granvella was sent as viceroy. In circum- 

 stances involving so much difficulty, he not only 

 took proper measures for defence, but also made 

 many excellent regulations for the internal welfare 

 of the state ; and Naples had reason to anticipate 

 great advantages from his ability and upright- 

 ness, when in 1575, he was recalled to the council of 

 state. Philip, eager to have the credit of governing 

 by himself, merely gave Granvella the title of presi- 

 dent of the supreme council of Italy and Castile, so 

 that the cardinal was not in name, although in real- 

 ity, prime minister. In this capacity, he negotiated 

 the union of Portugal with Spain ; witnessed the 

 insurrection in the Netherlands, which he had fore- 

 seen ; and concluded a marriage between the infanta 

 Catharine and the duke of Savoy, which was a mas- 

 ter-stroke of policy, as it counteracted the plans of 

 France with regard to Milan. In the midst of this 

 incessant occupation, he died, in 1586, of consump- 

 tion. Whatever opinion may be formed of Gran- 

 vella. all will agree, that he was indefatigable, firm 

 in his resolutions, sharp-sighted, high-principled, 

 irreproachable in his administration, moderate even 

 towards the weakest of his enemies, and steadily 

 active in the cause of Spain and his religion. 



GRAPE. See Vine. 



GRAPE-SHOT is a combination of small shot, put 

 into a thick canvass bag, and corded strongly toge- 

 ther, so as to form a kind of cylinder, the diameter 

 of which is equal to that of the ball adapted to the 

 cannon. The number of shot in grape varies 

 according to the service or size of the guns. 



GRAPHITE. See Plumbago. 



GRAPLING, FIRE ; an instrument nearly resem- 

 bling the grapnel, but differing in the construction 

 of its flukes, which are furnished with strong barbs 

 on its points. These are usually fixed by a chain on 

 the yard-arms of a ship, to grapple any adversary 

 whom she intends to board, and are particularly 

 requisite to fire-ships. 



GRAPNEL, or GRAPLING ; a sort of small 



anchor, fitted with four or five flukes or claws, 

 and commonly used to fasten boats or other small 

 vessels. 



GRASSES ; a very large and very natural family 

 of plants, distributed over the whole earth, and com- 

 prising many of the most useful of all vegetables, as 

 wheat, rye, barley, oats, rice, Indian corn, and the 

 sugar-cane, besides a vast many species suitable and 

 employed for fodder. The whole family of ruminant 

 animals is mainly dependent for subsistence on dif- 

 ferent species of grass. The roots of these plants are 

 fibrous : the stems or culms cylindrical, provided at 

 intervals with knots, from each of which arises a long 

 linear or lanceolate leaf, sheathing the stem for some 

 distance ; the flowers are produced from the supe- 

 rior sheaths, supported on a common peduncle, or 

 axis, and are disposed in heads, spikes, simple or 

 branching, or in panicles ; the calyx is composed of 

 one or two scales or glumes, inserted the one above 

 the other, and contains one or several flowers, each 

 of which is surrounded with one or two scales, dis- 

 posed in a similar manner ; the stamens are usually 

 three, sometimes one, two, or six ; the ovary is sim- 

 ple, and becomes a seed, either naked or enveloped 

 by an interior glume. These plants are herbaceous 

 with a few exceptions, as the bamboo, which has the 

 hardness of wood. 



GRASSHOPPER. See Locust. 



GRATE ; a frame of iron bars, used for burning 

 coal as fuel. Grates are commonly smaller than fire- 

 places intended for the consumption of wood, on 

 account of the greater heat emitted by coal. Those 

 used for burning anthracite should be made deeper 

 and of a greater height than others, so as to present 

 a comparatively small surface to the air ; for, in very 

 cold weather, the air conducts the heat from the sur- 

 face faster than combustion renews it, so that, if the 

 amount of surface exposed be large, the fire will go 

 out. This kind of coal yields no visible smoke. The 

 chimney, however, should be large enough to trans- 

 mit smoke, otherwise some of the carbonic acid, which 

 is formed during the combustion, will be sent into the 

 room. This gas is the suffocating vapour of burning 

 charcoal. 



GRATIAN, a Benedictine of the twelfth century, 

 was a native of Chiusi, and was the author of a fam- 

 ous work, entitled Decretal, or Concordia discordan- 

 tium Canonum, in which he endeavours to reconcile 

 those canons that seem to contradict each other. The 

 errors of this work, which are not a few, have been 

 exposed by subsequent writers. It is, however, a 

 rich storehouse of the canon law of the middle ages. 

 The best editions are those of Rome (1582), four 

 volumes, folio, and of Lyons (1671), three volumes, 

 folio. 



GRATINGS ; a sort of open cover for the hatches, 

 resembling lattice-work, serving to give light to the 

 lower apartments, and to permit a circulation of air, 

 both of which are particularly necessary, when, from 

 the turbulence of the sea, the ports between decks 

 are obliged to be shut. 



GRATTAN, HENRY, an eminent Irish orator and 

 statesman, was born at Dublin, about the year 1750. 

 He finished his education at Trinity college, whence 

 he removed to England, and became a student in the 

 Middle Temple. He was called to the Irish bar in 

 1772, and, in 1775, was brought into the parliament 

 of Ireland. He immediately became distinguished 

 in the opposition, and infused that spirit into the 

 country, which in two years aroused 80,000 volun- 

 teers, and produced, in 1782, a repeal of the statute 

 of 6th George I., which had enacted, that the crown 

 of Ireland was inseparably connected with that of 

 Great Britain ; that Ireland was bound by British 

 acts of parliament when named therein; that the 



