533 



GREECE. (REVOLUTION.) 



bishop and several clergymen executed. But the 

 peasants in the mountains, and the inhabitants of the 

 small island Sphakia, called the Suliots of Candia, 

 refused to give np their arms, collected, and drove 

 tile Turks bade again into the towns. From that 

 time, the struggle continued, and the Turks, though 

 supported by several thousand men from Egypt, were 

 ne\ er again able to make themselves masters of the 

 highlands. They, however, maintained themselves 

 in the cities. Madden, in his Travels in Egypt, &c., 



ives some interesting details of the Egyptian expe- 

 ition to Candia. On the island of Cyprus, where 

 also there had been no appearances of an insurrec- 

 tion, the Greeks were disarmed in November, 1821, 

 and almost all the inhabitants of Larnica, with the 

 archbishop and other prelates, murdered. The pea- 

 sants united for mutual protection ; as a punishment 

 for which sixty-two villages were burned in August, 

 1822. Since that time, the stillness of the grave 

 has brooded over Cyprus. Similar atrocities were 

 committed by the Turks at Scala Nuova, in Rhodes, 

 and at Pergamos, after the Greeks had surprised the 

 latter place. In Smyrna, also, new cruelties were 

 committed ; and the European consuls did not suc- 

 ceed until November, 1821, in inducing the pacha to 

 put a stop to the enormities of the Turks. Since 

 that time, the public security has rarely been inter- 

 rupted in that place.* But in the European pro- 

 vinces of Turkey, the cruelties against the Christians 

 continued, as the sultan had issued a hatti-sheriff" 

 (September 20, 1821, calling upon all Mussulmans to 

 take arms against the Giaours. This order was not 

 published in Constantinople, for which the populace, 

 in that place, revenged themselves by setting fire to 

 the city, whenever ill news of success exasperated 

 them against the Greeks. 



The great Turkish fleet, under the capudan pacha 

 Kara Ali, strengthened by Egyptian, Tunisian, and 

 Algerine vessels, had, indeed, driven away the Greek 

 flotillas, supplied the Turkish garrisons in the Mo- 

 rea with troops, arms, and provisions, burned the 

 small village of Galaxidi, in the gulf of Lepanto, 

 October 2, J821, and taken some small Greek fish- 

 ing craft in the harbour of this place. Yet the fleet 

 had effected nothing decisive. Hardly had it returned 

 to the Dardanelles, October 22, 1821, when the 

 Greek fleets renewed their system of blockade, and 

 became, as formerly, masters of the yEgean sea and 

 the gulf of Saloniki. Meanwhile, Demetrius Ypsi- 

 lanti had arrived at Hydra, with prince Alexander 

 Cantacuzeno, with authority from his brother, Alex- 

 ander Ypsilanti. In Hydra, the unfortunate result 

 of the struggle in Walachia was not yet known. 

 Demetrius promised the aid of Russia, and announced 

 the restoration of the Greek empire. Yet it was 

 with great difficulty that he succeeded in being ap- 

 pointed, on July 24, 1821. archistrategos (command- 

 er-in-chief) of the Peloponnesus, the Archipelago, 

 and all the liberated provinces ; and, as such, in 

 being placed at the head of the Greeks in the Mo- 

 rea, where the dissensions among the capitani, and 

 the undisciplined state of the soldiery, liad a most 

 injurious effect. Soon after (August 3), the princi- 

 pal Turkish fortress, Monembasia (Napoli di Malva- 

 sia) surrendered to prince Cantacuzeno, and Nava- 

 rino to Demetrius Ypsilanti ; but the rapacious Mo- 

 reots did not observe the articles of capitulation. 

 Some details of what happened after the capitulation 

 of Navarino are related in the editor's Journal hi 



Here, and in other places, the commanders of French, 

 English, Austrian, and American vessels, and the European 

 consuls, among whom the French consul, David, deserves 

 to be particularly mentioned, saved the lives of many unfor- 

 tunate person*, who would otherwise have become the vie- 

 tims of Turkish or Greek fanaticism. 



Greece (in German, Leipsic, 1823). Demetrius, dis- 

 gusted at this disorder, declared his intention to 

 leave Greece, unless lie was invested with power to 

 put n stop to this licentiousness, which lie received 

 at least nominally. At the same time, the senate of 

 Calamata united with that of Hydra, in order to 

 assemble a congress of deputies from all Greece, at 

 Calamata. Whilst Mavrocordato and others were 

 making these preparations, Demetrius Ypsilanti was 

 closely besieging Tripolizza, the chief fortress of the 

 Turks, situated in the plain of Mantinea, in the 

 centre of Greece. The garrison was on the point of 

 surrendering, when the appearance of the Turkish 

 fleet, in the waters of the Peloponnesus, gave them 

 new courage. But in order to induce the Turkish 

 troops to make an obstinate resistance, from fear of 

 the vengeance of the Christians, the Turkish com- 

 manders, at Tripolizza, ordered eighty priests and 

 noble Greeks, who had been brought there, in part, 

 by the treacherous invitations of trie beys, to be all 

 murdered, excepting two. October 5, after 2000 

 Albanians had received permission to depart, and the 

 negotiations with the Turks were broken off, Tripo- 

 lizza was taken by storm. The last post was sur- 

 rendered, on terms of capitulation, by the gallant 

 Kiaja Bey ; but the Moreots could not be restrained, 

 and 8000 Turks perished. Even the Albanians were 

 attacked, and some of them plundered. In Tripo- 

 lizza, the Moreots gained their first heavy cannon, 

 and the place became the seat of the soi-disant Greek 

 government, until it was transferred to Argos. 



Ulysses was equally successful in Thessaly. He 

 and some other guerilla leaders, or capitani, among 

 whom was Perevos, on September 5 and 6, near 

 Thermopylae, defeated a Turkish army, which had 

 advanced from Macedonia. January 26, 1822, the 

 Acrocorinthus (q. v.) fell into the hands of the 

 Greeks by capitulation. On the other hand, the 

 pacha of Saloniki took the peninsula of Cassandra, 

 November 11, by storm, the Greeks having become 

 enfeebled by dissensions. 3000 Greeks were put to 

 the sword, women and children carried into slavery, 

 and the flourishing peninsula made a desert. The 

 monks and hermits on mount Athos (Monte Santo), 

 alone saved themselves by a heavy ransom, and 

 remained undisturbed, because the Turks consider 

 these rocky hermitages sacred. At the same time, 

 Khurshid Pacha, November 13, assaulted Ali's for- 

 tress Zathariza, and the old tyrant of Epirus in vain 

 expected succour from the Greeks in his last place 

 of refuge, a castle in the lake near Yanina. The 

 Greeks, towards the end of November, having occu- 

 pied Arta, without obtaining possession of the 

 citadel, were obliged to leave the city in the middle 

 of December, when Omer Vrione returned from Li- 

 vadia, and disperse themselves in the mountains. 

 During this irregular war, the government began to 

 acquire some form, as the separate senates established 

 connexions with each other. They invested Deme- 

 trius Ypsilanti with the chief command in the Morea, 

 Ulysses with the same office in Thessaly, and some- 

 what later also in Attica. Prince Mavrocordato 

 received the chief command in the Albanian pro- 

 vinces. They finally sent prince Cantacuzeno to the 

 emperor Alexander, to implore his assistance ; but 

 the prince could not obtain passports for St Peters- 

 burg, because the system of the holy alliance was 

 neutrality (as they called it), and discouragement ot 

 the Greek insurrection. Equally unsuccessful were 

 the navarchs, in Hydra, in their attempts to secure 

 the neutrality of the viceroy of Egypt by sea, as he 

 now hoped for an opportunity of uniting Crete with 

 Egypt. 



First Attempt towards a Political Organization "j 

 the Greeks, January 13 (January \), 1822, in Epi- 



