GREECE. (REVOLUTION.) 



li:ul put themselves in a hostile position with regard 

 to the European powers. The secretary of state, 

 Illioclios, in a letter to Canning, declined the. proposal 

 of a treaty with the Porte. On the other haiul, Bri- 

 tain, through their lord high commissioner of the 

 Ionian Islands, Sir Frederic Adam, forced the Greek 

 government to revoke (September 15) the proclama- 

 tion issued June 7, in which they treated the European 

 transports employed by the enemy, not as neutral, 

 but hostile ve^els. Tlie> Greek government issued 

 a manifesto, in which they complained greatly of the 

 si ia i nc ful avarice of the Christian merchants, who 

 violated so openly the law of neutrality, in favour of 

 the Turks. The British government then acknow- 

 ledged the right of blockade, properly exercised by 

 the Greek government, and the Austrian internuncio 

 issued a command to the consuls of his government 

 to prevent all letting out of ships contrary to the 

 neutrality. Some Christian captains, however, par- 

 ticularly the French, did subsequently let their ships 

 to the Egyptians, and carried Christian captives 

 from G reece as slaves to Africa a proceeding which 

 wa- denounced in the French chamber of peers (1826), 

 by Chateaubriand, and then prohibited by law. 

 Meanwhile, the Egyptian and the Turkish fleet 

 united in the gulf of Bodroun (September 4), and 

 some battles were now fought with the Greek fleet, 

 The battle at Naxos (September 10) lasted the whole 

 day. It was, perhaps, the first during the war that 

 deserved the name of a naval engagement. The 

 intrepid Kanaris blew up, with his fire-ships, an 

 Egyptian frigate of forty-four guns, and a brig. The 

 Greeks lost ten small ships. At length, the Ottoman 

 fleet broke off the engagement, and retired to 

 Mitylene, with the loss of several transport-ships. 

 Khosru then turned back to Constantinople, with 

 fifteen sail ; and Ibrahim Pacha, with the rest of the 

 fleet, to the gulf of Bodroun. He supplied the islands 

 anew with troops and provisions, particularly Candia, 

 which his father already regarded as a part of his 

 viceroyalty. Miaulis soon after attacked him off 

 Candia. Ibrahim lost a frigate, ten small vessels, 

 and fifteen transport-ships. Weakened by the plague, 

 which had appeared on board the ships, he drew 

 back to the harbour of Rhodes, where the well 

 known admiral Ishmael Gibralter died. His plan of 

 attacking the Morea was frustrated for this year. 

 After such exertions on the part of the Greek fleet, 

 the insolent ambition of the military faction once 

 more disturbed the harmony of the peninsula. When 

 the elections for the third term of the government 

 began, in October, the executive council at Napoli 

 di Romania consisted of sixty-three members. Ma- 

 vrocordato resigned his place as president of the 

 senate, and Panuzzo Notaras became his successor. 

 Colocotroni and his followers were disappointed in 

 the choice of the executive council. The former 

 members were re-elected. But unfortunate events 

 checked the activity of the government. A contagious 

 fever broke out in Napoli, of which the vice-president, 

 Botassis, and Manuel Tumbasis, died. The president, 

 Conduriotti, went, therefore to Hydra. At the same 

 time, a civil war arose (November, 1824). Coloco- 

 troni had openly declared against the re-election of 

 the executive council, and had drawn the military 

 commanders to his side. The generals Kanellas, 

 Papaganopulos, Andreas Londos, and Notarapulos 

 immediately left the siege of Patras, which had been 

 intrusted to them. Their troops dispersed. They, 

 with their followers, placed themselves under the 

 insurgent standard at Tripolizza, where Panos 

 Colocotroni took the command of them. Conduriotti 

 then turned back to Napoli di Romania (December 

 3), and summoned Gouras, Tassos and other com- 

 manders, from Attica to Corinth. Coletti received 



the chief command ; Christos and Maurogeni appear- 

 ed before Tripolizza. The rebels were beau-n 

 in several battles. Panos Colocotroni fell, and his 

 followers were dispersed. The well known Amazon 

 Bobolina, a follower of Colocotroni fell by the 

 dagger of a Greek, as it is said, the lover of her 

 daughter, whose hand she had refused him. Ulysses, 

 who had formed a secret union with the Turks at Ne- 

 gropont, was defeated by Gouras, taken prisoner, and 

 confined in a tower, built by himself, for the defence. 

 of Athens. In attempting to escape from it, lie fell 

 to the bottom, and was killed. Colocotroni, the 

 father, saw himself deserted by all, and surrendered 

 in December 1824. The other leaders of the re- 

 bellion fled to the Ionian Islands. Some surrendered; 

 others were seized and (together with the elder 

 Colocotroni) carried to a convent, where they were 

 judged by a commission. The Mainot bey Pietro 

 Mavromichalis was acquitted. The government now 

 laboured to secure the obedience of the armies by 

 law, and made preparations to invest Patras, Modon 

 and Coron anew. Omer Vrione entered into a, 

 negotiation with the Greeks, but it was broken off 

 (1825), and he received the pachalic of Saloniki. 

 The disastrous issue of the campaign of 1824, by 

 sea and land, excited in Constantinople again the 

 hatred and anger of the factious. Hussein Aga, 

 commander of the troops of the Bosphorus, the aga 

 of the janizaries, the mufti, and Janib eftendi (a man 

 seventy-six years of age, the most obstinate follower 

 of the old Ottoman policy), united for the ruin of 

 the grand-vizier. This faction would permit no kind 

 of intervention of the Christian powers in the inter- 

 nal afi'airs of the Porte, and demanded loudly that, 

 before the Porte evacuated the two principalities, 

 Russia should restore the fortresses in Asia. The 

 grand-seignior saw himself obliged to dismiss the 

 grand-vizier, Ghalib Pacha, who was universally 

 esteemed, although not very energetic. His successor, 

 Mehemet Selim, pacha of Silistria, was a creature of 

 Janib Effendi. Hitherto, the English envoy had 

 urged the evacuation of the principalities ; but, being 

 put off continually with promises, he at last left 

 Constantinople (Oct. 18, 1824), having shortly be- 

 fore effected the conclusion of a treaty between the 

 Porte and the king of Sardinia, and obtained some 

 commercial privileges. He went the following year, 

 as British minister to Petersburg. The porte felt 

 constantly more sensibly the consequences of the war. 

 It lost the revenue which had come from the provinces 

 in rebellion, The tribute which the Peloponnesus 

 alone used to pay, amounted yearly to 35,000,000 

 Turkish piastres. The grand-vizier determined to 

 lay an extraordinary tax of 13,000,000 piastres upon 

 Moldavia and Walachia, as a compensation for the 

 occupation of the same since 1821. Most of the 

 boyards withdrew themselves by flight. In vain 

 the hospodars represented the unhappy condition 

 of the provinces, which could hardly pay the cus- 

 tomary tribute. The Turkish commanders took 

 away all the money and other valuables which they 

 found in the public treasuries or among the posses- 

 sions of the rich. Some Turkish troops now with- 

 drew from the provinces, and Minziacky, who appear- 

 ed as the Russian agent, announced the approach of 

 a Russian ambassador, the marquis de Ribeaupierre, 

 with full powers; but new troops soon inarched again 

 into the principalities ; for more than 100,000 Rus- 

 sian soldiers remained on the frontiers, ready for in- 

 stant service. The campaign of 1825 was opened in 

 the Morea by the landing of Ibrahim Pacha. Rescind 

 Pacha besieged MissolonghJ at the same time, and 

 the capudan pacha aided both by his fleet. While 

 these dangers threatened Greece, her ruin was ac- 

 celerated by the capitani. Ibrahim Pacha, before 



