548 



GREECE. (REVOLUTION.) 



Only the garrison of the cnstle of the Morea, on the 

 Little Dardanelles, north of 1'alras, and the opposite 

 Lepanto, rejected the capitulation of Patras. They 

 murdered tlie pachu. ami Uie French general Schnei- 

 der was obliged to make a breach before the Turks 

 surrendered at discretion (October 30). The Turks 

 were all now carried to Smyrna by the French admiral 

 Ivigny. The commanders of Coron, Modon and 

 Patras, Achmet Bey, Mustapha and Jacobi, fled to 

 France, to escape the anger of the sultan. The gulf 

 of Lepanto was declared neutral; yet the fort of Le- 

 panto, in U iiinclia, was not prevented from taking 

 the customary tolls. Nothing hostile was undertaken 

 airaiiijt the Turks by the French out of the Morea, 

 because the sultan would, in that case, have de- 

 clared war against France. Britain and France 

 carefully avoided such a result, that they might be 

 able to mediate between the Porte and Russia. To 

 defend the Morea, however, from new invasions from 

 the Turks, the three powers at London, by their 

 ministers, Aberdeen, Polignac and Lieven, agreed 

 to send a manifesto to the Forte (Nov. 16, 1828) to 

 this effect: that " they should place the Morea and 

 the Cyclades under their protection till the time 

 when a definitive arrangement should decide the fate 

 of the provinces which the allies had taken posses- 

 sion of, and that they should consider the entrance 

 of any military force into this country as an attack 

 upon themselves. They required the Porte to come 

 to an explanation with them concerning the final 

 pacification of Greece." The French agent, Jaubert, 

 carried this note to Constantinople. The Greeks, in 

 the mean time, continued hostilities. The Greek 

 admiral, Cochrane, came, after an absence of eight 

 months (September 30), on board the new Greek 

 steam-ship Hermes, at Poros ; and Demetrius Ypsi- 

 lanti having under him Colocotroni, Tsavellas, Den- 

 tzel, Bathros and others, forced his way into Hellas 

 Proper (Livadia), at the head of 5000 men, beat the 

 Turks at Lomotico (November 3), took Salona (De- 

 cember 3), then Lepanto, Livadia and Vonizza. 

 Rescind Pacha had been recalled to Constantinople. 

 An insurrection had broken out again in Candia, 

 which occasioned the massacre of many Greeks in 

 Kanea (August 14). Haji Michalis, a Moreot, who 

 perished afterwards in battle, excited this unfortunate 

 contest. Mustapha Pacha, who commanded the 

 Egyptian troops at Candia, could with difficulty 

 check the anger of the Turks against the Greek 

 inhabitants. This massacre induced the British to 

 close the port of Kanea. The Greeks took posses- 

 sion, however, of all the open country of Candia. 

 The Russian admiral Ricord, with one ship of the 

 line and three frigates, at Tenedos, had blockaded 

 the Dardanelles, from the 14th of November, 1828, 

 in order to prevent supplies of provisions and military 

 stores from reaching Constantinople. The Greeks 

 now fitted out a great number ot privateers. The 

 sultan, on this account, banished from Constantino- 

 ple all the Greeks and Armenians not born in the 

 city or not settled there, amounting to more than 

 25,000 persons. On the 29th, he announced in all 

 the mosques, that the Mussulmans should remain all 

 winter under arms and in the field, which had never 

 till now been the case. At the same time, he called 

 all the men, from seventeen to sixty years of age, to 

 arms. Meantime the French were preparing to 

 return to Toulon. A third of the troops, in January, 

 1829, left the Morea, where diseases and privations 

 had destroyed many men. At this time, a scientific 

 expedition of seventeen Frenchmen, in three sections 

 under the direction of the royal academy, was pre- 

 pared, by the French minister of the interior, to 

 visit the Morea. The French government ransom- 

 *d several hundred Greek slaves in Egypt, and the 



king of France undertook the education of the or- 

 plum children. Thus, after struggling for seven 

 years, G reece was placed under the protection of the 

 three chief European powers. Mahmoud, however, 

 still declined to recall the edict of extermination, 

 which he had pronounced when he commanded Dram 

 AH, a few years before, to bring him the ashes ol 

 the Peloponnesus. Ibrahim had wantonly burned 

 down the olive groves as far as his Arabians spread, 

 and the Greeks were sunk in the deepest misery and 

 confusion. After unnumbered difficulties, the greatest 

 obstacles to a well ordered government were in part 

 overcome by Capo d'Istria. For this object, he divid- 

 ed (April 25, 1828) the Greek states into thirteen 

 departments, seven of which formed the Pelopon- 

 nesus (280,000 inhabitants, 8543 square miles); the 

 eighth, the Northern Sporades (6200 inhabitants, 106 

 square miles); the ninth, the Eastern Sporades (58.800 

 inhabitants, 318 square miles); the tenth, the Wes- 

 tern Sporades (40,000 inhabitants, 169 square miles); 

 the eleventh, twelfth and thirteenth, the North, Cen- 

 tral and South Cyclades (91,500 inhabitants, 1176 

 square miles) : the whole amount, therefore, was 

 476,500 inhabitants and 10,312 square miles. The 

 first diplomatic agent to the Greek government, the 

 British plenipotentiary, Dawkins, delivered his cre- 

 dentials to the president Nov. 19, 1828, and the 

 French colonel Fabvier returned from France to the 

 Morea, to organize the Greek army. The French 

 envoy, Jaubert, delivered the protocol of the confer- 

 ence of the three great powers to the Porte in 

 January, 1829. The verbal answer of the reis effendi 

 was, that the Porte wished for peace, and would 

 appoint negotiators on the arrival of the French and 

 British plenipotentiaries ; but that Russia could not be 

 admitted to join in the mediation, nor should this act 

 be considered as a renunciation of the sultan's rights 

 upon the Morea. This answer was the foundation 

 for the conference of the ministers of Britain, France 

 and Russia (March 22, 1829), the protocol of which 

 sets forth what course the powers intend further to 

 pursue respecting the Porte. It was agreed that 

 ambassadors from Great Britain and France should 

 immediately proceed to Constantinople, and open a 

 negotiation for the pacification of Greece, in the 

 name of the three powers. The first subject proposed 

 for the consideration of the Porte was the boundary 

 of Greece. A line, beginning at the gulf of Volo, 

 running thence to the head ot the Othryx, following 

 the course of that river to the summit east of Agra- 

 pha, which forms a junction with the Pindus, descend- 

 ing the valley of Aspropotamos by the south of 

 Leontis, traversing the chain of the Macrinoros, and 

 terminating at the gulf of Ambracia, was proposed 

 as the northern boundary of Greece; the islands 

 adjacent to the Morea, Eubcea or Negropont, and the 

 Cyclades, were likewise to form a part of the new 

 state. It was also to be proposed, that the Greeks 

 should pay an annual tribute of 1,500,000 piastres ; 

 the first year's tribute, however, to be not less than 

 a fifth, nor more than a third, of this amount, and to 

 be gradually increased for four years, till it should 

 reach the maximum : a joint commission of Turks 

 and Greeks was to determine the indemnification of 

 the Turks for the loss of property in Greece ; the 

 allied powers to appoint a committee of appeal, in 

 case the former committee could not agree : Greece 

 should enjoy a qualified independence, under the 

 sovereignty of the Porte : the government to be under 

 an hereditary Christian prince, not of the family ot 

 either of the allied sovereigns : at every succession 

 of the hereditary prince, an additional year's tribute 

 to be paid : mutual amnesty to be required, and all 

 Greeks to be allowed a year to sell their property ami 

 leave the Turkish territories. The ambassadors were 



