GREGORY GRENADA. 



561 



his income for benevolent objects, bestowing charity 

 on the poor, without regard to the religion which 

 they professed, promoting schools, the art of printing 

 in Constantinople, and the publication of useful books. 

 In particular, he promoted the establishment of 

 schools of mutual instruction in Scio, Patmos, at 

 Smyrna, Athens, Sparta (Misitra), and in Candia. 

 His sermons and pastoral letters manifest his piety, 

 tolerance, and knowledge of mankind. He translat- 

 ed the epistles of the apostle Paul into modern Greek 

 with a commentary. He constantly exhorted his 

 brethren to obedience and patient submission to the 

 will of God. But, in 1821, when the Greek insur- 

 rection broke out in the Morea, his native country, 

 he became an object of suspicion to the Porte, and 

 nothing but the hope of preventing the massacre of 

 all the Greeks at Constantinople, which had already 

 been determined upon, could induce him to excom- 

 municate (21st March, 1821) Ypsilanti, Suzzo, and 

 all the insurgents, as the divan demanded, with 

 threats. At the same time, he issued a pastoral let- 

 ter to the clergy, declaring submission to the Porte 

 to be the duty of the faithful. After the execution 

 of the prince Morousi, the grand-vizier confided to 

 Gregory the custody of the fcimify of this prince. 

 Without his knowledge, but perhaps by the assistance 

 of a priest in the patriarchal palace, the family es- 

 caped on board a vessel, which, by the aid of the 

 Russian ambassador, took them to Odessa. The old 

 man did not doubt that this would decide his fate. 

 He immediately went to the grand-vizier, the furious 

 Benderli AH Pacha, to inform him of the event. The 

 vizier laid all the blame on him ; but he was neither 

 imprisoned nor subjected to trial. The grand-vizier 

 had determined to intimidate the Greeks by an act 

 of violence yet unprecedented in Turkish history. 

 They had already been exposed, for several weeks, 

 to the fanatical rabble of Constantinople, which pre- 

 vented the greater part of them from attending 

 church on the first day of the Easter festival (April 

 22). The patriarch read the high mass surrounded 

 by his bishops, with the usual ceremonies ; but, as he 

 left the church, the janizaries surrounded him, and 

 seized the bishops. A natural respect prevented them 

 from laying hands on the venerable old man ; but 

 their commander, having reminded them of the order 

 of the grand-vizier, they seized the patriarch, in his 

 robes of office, and hanged him before the principal 

 gate of the church. Three bishops atvl eight priests 

 of the patriarchate, shared the same fate ; they were 

 all hanged before the gates of the churches or the 

 palace, in their canonical robes. The body was not 

 cut down till the 24th, when it was given up to the 

 lowest of the Jews, who dragged it through the 

 streets, and threw it into the sea ; but, being pre- 

 vailed upon by a sum of money, they did not sink it, 

 so that some Greek sailors recovered it during the 

 night, and carried it to Odessa. Here, with the 

 permission of the emperor, the martyrdom of the 

 patriarch was celebrated by the Russian archimand- 

 rite, Theophilus, with a magnificent funeral. This 

 act of barlKirity towards an old man of eighty years, 

 was followed by the destruction of many churches, 

 and the most savage treatment of the Greeks in 

 Constantinople ; but instead of exciting fear, it had 

 the opposite effect. The enthusiasm of the Greeks 

 for their religion and freedom was increased, the war 

 was carried on with more animosity, and reconcilia- 

 tion became more difficult, and, after some additional 

 ntrocities, impossible. See Greece, Revolution of 

 Modern. 



GREGORY, JAMES, a mathematician and philoso- 

 pher, the inventor of the reflecting telescope, was 

 born at Aberdeen in 1638. and received his educa- 

 tion at the Marischal college. In 1663, he published 



Optica promota, seu abdita Radiorum refiexorum et 

 'efractorum Mysteria, Geometries enucleata (4to), 

 jxplaining the idea of the telescope which bears his 

 lame ; and, in 1664, visited London for the purpose 

 of perfecting the mechanical construction of the in- 

 strument. Disappointed by the difficulty of getting 

 a speculum ground and polished of a proper figure, 

 he suspended his design, and set oft' on a tour to Italy. 

 Ele staid some time at Padua, where he published, 

 in 1667, a treatise on the Quadrature of the Circle 

 and Hyperbola (reprinted at Venice, in 1668, with 

 additions). On his return to England, he was chosen 

 a fellow of the royal society, whose Transactions he 

 enriched by some valuable papers. He was chosen 

 professor of mathematics in the University of St 

 Andrew's, and, in 1674, was invited to fill the mathe- 

 matical chair at Edinburgh, whither he removed ; 

 but, in October, 1675, while pointing out to his pupils 

 the satellites of Jupiter, he was struck with a total 

 blindness, and died a few days after, in the thirty- 

 seventh year of his age. 



GREGORY, DAVID; nephew of the preceding, 

 and the heir of his splendid talents, and emulator of 

 his fame. The subject of this article was educat ed 

 at Edinburgh, where, in 1684, he was elected pro- 

 fessor of mathematics ; and the same year he p ub- 

 lished a mathematical treatise from his uncle's pap jrs, 

 with important additions of his own. His lectures 

 first introduced into the schools the Newtonian phi- 

 losophy. In 1691, he was chosen professor of 

 astronomy at Oxford, though he had the celebrated 

 Halley for Jiis competitor a circumstance which laid 

 the foundation of a friendly intimacy between these 

 mathematicians. In 1695, he published at Oxford, 

 Catoptrics et Dioptricce Sp/ierices Elementa (8/0.), 

 in which he considers those branches of optics chiefly 

 as respects the construction of telescopes, particularly 

 those of his uncle and sir Isaac Newton. In 1697, 

 he gave the first demonstration of the properties of 

 the Catenarian Curve ; and in 1702 appeared his 

 most celebrated production, Astronomic Physicee ft 

 Geometrical Elementa (folio). The object of this 

 work is to explain Newton's geometry of centrip tal 

 forces, as far as his discoveries are founded on it ; 

 and to exhibit in a more familiar form the astronomi- 

 cal part of the Principia. In 1703, he published an 

 edition of the books of Euclid, in Greek and Latin ; 

 and he afterwards engaged with doctor Halley in 

 editing the Conies of Apollonius. He died Oct. 1 0, 

 1710. 



GREIFSWALDE ; a town in Hither Pomerania, 

 belonging, since the war of 1815, to Prussia. Lat. 

 54 4' 35" N. ; Ion. 13 33' 23" E. Population in 

 1822, 8080. From 1648 to 1815, it belonged to 

 Sweden, except that from 1715 to 1721 it was 

 in the possession of Denmark. In 1455, Wratis- 

 laus IX., duke of Pomerania, founded the uni- 

 versity here. It does not flourish like the other 

 Prussian universities, and contains only 130 stu- 

 dents ; for the government does not see fit to support 

 it as they do the others, and, at the same time, does 

 not wish to break up so ancient an establishment. It 

 is one of the few German universities which have a 

 right to assist in choosing the professors. The 

 university of Greifswalde nominates new pro- 

 fessors, and the king appoints. The town is well 

 built. 



GRENADA. See Granada. 



GRENADA, NEW ; formerly a viceroyalty of 

 South America, called the New Kingdom of Grenada, 

 now forming the greater part of the republic of Co- 

 lombia ; bounded N. by the Caribbean sea and Gua- 

 timala, E. by Venezuela and Guiana, S. by the Ama- 

 zon and Peru, and W. by the Pacific ocean. Lat. 6 

 S. to 12 N. ; 1200 miles in length, and 276 in mean 



