GRUNBERG fJTTADALOUPE. 



571 



man and cultivation. They feed exclusively on 

 berries, buds and leaves. They are polygamous, the 

 male abandoning the female, and leaving to her the 

 whole care of the progeny. The number of eggs varies 

 from eight to fourteen. 



The largest species is the wood grouse (T. uro- 

 gallus). This is superior in size to the turkey. It 

 lives in pine forests, feeding on the cones of the fir, 

 which, at some seasons, give an unpleasant flavour 

 to its flesh. 



The black grouse (T. tetrix), is about the size of a 

 common fowl, though it is much heavier. It chiefly 

 lives in high and wooded situations, feeding on various 

 kinds of berries. It does not pair, but, on the return 

 of spring, the males assemble in great numbers, 

 when a contest for superiority ensues, and continues 

 with great bitterness till the vanquished are put to 

 flight. 



Red grouse (T. Scoticus). This bird is also called 

 moorfowl, and is found in great plenty in the High- 

 lands of Scotland. It pairs in the spring ; the female 

 lays eight or ten eggs. The young follow the hen 

 the whole summer. As soon as they have attained 

 their full size, they unite in flocks of forty or fifty, 

 anil are extremely shy and wild. 



fFhite grouse ( T. albus). This bird is ash-coloured 

 in summer, but its hue changes to a pure white in 

 winter. It is found in most northern regions. 

 Button, speaking of this bird, says that it avoids the 

 solar heat, and prefers the biting frosts on the tops 

 of mountains ; for, as the snow melts on the sides of 

 the mountains, it constantly ascends. The flesh is 

 dark coloured. 



There are also several species peculiar to North 

 America, the most remarkable of which is the 

 pinnated grouse, or. heath hen (T. cupido). This 

 curious bird inhabits open, desert plains in particular 

 districts of the Union, avoiding immense intermediate 

 regions. The male is furnished with wing-like ap- 

 pendages to his neck, covering two loose, orange, 

 skinny bags, capable of being inflated. Its favourite 

 food is the partridge berry, though it is also fond of 

 whortleberries and cranberries. It commonly unites 

 in covies, until the pairing season. 



Ruffed grouse, or partridge of the Eastern States, 

 and pheasant of Pennsylvania (T. umbellus}, well 

 known in almost every quarter of the United States. 

 Its favourite places of resort are high mountains, 

 covered with the balsam pine, hemlock, &c.; it is 

 seldom found in open plains. The manners of this 

 bird are solitary, being usually found in pairs or singly. 

 It generally moves along with great stateliness, with 

 the tail spread out like a fan. The male makes a 

 peculiar noise termed drumming. This is done by 

 rapidly striking with his stiffened wings ; it is most 

 common in the morning and evening. It pairs in 

 April, and lays in May. The eggs are from nine to 

 fifteen in number. It is in best order for the table 

 in September and October. 



The other American species are, the dusky grouse 

 (T. obscttrus), inhabiting the Rocky mountains; 

 Canadian grouse (T. Canadcnsis), peculiar to the 

 northern and north-western parts of the United States, 

 more common in Canada : long-tailed grouse (T. 

 vhasianellus) inhabits the western wilds of the United 

 States beyond the Mississippi. 



GRUNBERG ; a city in the Prussian government 

 of Liegnitz, Silesia, with 10,000 inhabitants. It 

 manufactures a great quantity of broadcloth, and is 

 surrounded by vineyards, which produce large quan- 

 tities of wine. The wine is much used to mix with 

 inferior French wines, to be sold in the interior. It 

 is so astringent, that it is commonly said, in Germany, 

 " You can mend the holes of a stocking by putting 1 

 aome Grunberg wine into it " 



GRUNER, CHRISTIAN GODFREY ; a celebrated 

 German physician, born Nov. 8, 1744, at Sagan, in 

 Silesia. He first studied theology, at the desire of 

 his iather, after whose death he followed his own 

 inclination for the medical science, in which he be- 

 came one of the most prolific and practical writers. 

 He wrote about fifty large works, and many essays, 

 which show a thorough acquaintance with ancient 

 medical literature, as well as sound practical judg- 

 ment. He was a long time professor in the univer- 

 sity at Jena, where he died Dec. 4, 1815. He was 

 member of a vast number of academies and learned 

 societies in Germany and other countries. 



GRY ; a measure containing one tenth of a line. 



GRYPHIUS, ANDREW (properly, Greif),a drama- 

 tic poet, was born 1616, at Glogau. He studied at 

 Fraustadt and Dantzic, and acquired an extensive 

 knowledge of law ; after which he became tutor in 

 a family. He passed ten years in travelling through 

 Holland, France, and Italy, during which he formed 

 friendships with many of the most eminent men of 

 the age. On his return, he became syndic to the 

 senate of Glogau. He died suddenly (1664), in an 

 assembly of the estates. Gryphius did much for 

 German literature. At a time when there were no 

 German dramas but the carnival plays, he wrote 

 tragedies and comedies, which displayed his ac- 

 quaintance with ancient and modern literature, and 

 contained many poetical passages, though they 

 showed no acquaintance with theatrical effect. The 

 Dutch poet Vondal seems to have been his model. 

 Many of his other poems breathe a high lyric spirit, 

 mixed with a tone of melancholy, occasioned by his 

 misfortunes. 



GUADALAXARA ; formerly an intendancy of 

 Mexico, bounded N. by Sonora and Durango, E. by 

 Zacatecas and Guanaxuato, S. by Valladolid, and 

 W. by the Pacific o^an ; it is 350 miles long and 

 300 broad; square leagues, 9612; population in 

 1803, 630,000. It contains two cities, six towns, 

 and 322 villages. The principal mines are those of 

 Bolanos, Arientos de Oburra, Hostiotipaquillo, Co- 

 pala, and Guichichila. It is crossed from E. to W. 

 by the Rio de Santiago. All the eastern part is 

 table land, and has a pleasant climate. The mari- 

 time regions are covered with forests and abound in 

 excellent timber for ship-building ; but the air is 

 very hot and unhealthy. This country now forms 

 the state of Yalisco, in the Mexican confederacy. 



GUADALAXARA ; a city in Mexico, capital of 

 the country of the same name, on the Santiago, 240 

 miles N. W. of Mexico ; Ion. 103 2' W.; lat. 21 

 & N.; population, 19,50O Spaniards, mulattoes, and 

 mestizoes. It is a bishop's see, and is situated in a 

 delightful and fertile plain, is regular and handsome, 

 containing eight squares, a magnificent cathedral, 

 two colleges, many convents, and a manufactory of 

 cigars. The houses are mostly of only one story, 

 the streets unpaved, and the carriages are drawn by 

 unshod mules. 



GUADALOUPE ; an island of the West Indies, 

 and one of the largest and most valuable of the 

 Caribbee islands. It is situated in Ion. 62 W., and 

 in lat. 16 20' N., and is between sixty and seventy 

 miles in length, and about twenty-five miles in its 

 greatest breadth. It is divided into two parts by a 

 channel, in breadth from thirty to eighty yards. This 

 channel runs north and south, and communicates 

 with the sea on both sides by a large bay at each 

 end. . The east part of the island is called Grande 

 Terre, and is about fifty-seven miles from Antigua 

 point. This part is about 120 miles in circumfer- 

 ence. Tb west part, which is properly Guadaloupe > 

 is divided oy a ridge of mountains. This is thirty- 

 six miles from north to south, and twenty-three 



