592 



GL T NVVALE GUSTAVUS I. 



dimensions for three places of figures. On the other 

 half of this side, are Contained various lines relating 

 to trigonometry, as performeil by natural numbers, 

 and marked thus, viz., Rhumb, tiie rhumbs or points 

 of the Compass ; Chord, the line of chords ; Sine, 

 the line of sines ; Tan*., the tangents; & T., the 

 semi-tangents ; and at the other end of this half, are, 

 Leag., leagues or equal pails ; Rhumb, another line 

 of rhumbs ; M. L., miles of longitude ; Chor., an- 

 other line of chords. Also, in the middle of the foot 

 are L. and P., two other lines of equal parts ; and 

 all these lines on this side of the scale serve for 

 drawing or laying down the figures to the cases in 

 trigonometry and navigation. On the other side of 

 the scale are the following artificial or logarithmic 

 lines, which serve for working or resolving those 

 cases, viz., S. R. the sine rhumbs ; T. R., the tan- 

 gent rhumbs; Xttrnb., line of numbers ; Sine, sines; 

 /". iS., versed sines; Tang., the tangents; Meri., 

 meridional parts; E. P., equal parts. 



GUNWALE, or GUNNEL OF A SHIP, is that 

 piece of timber which reaches on either side of the 

 ship, from the half-deck to the fore-castle, being the 

 uppermost bend, which finishes the upper works of 

 the hull in that part, and wherein they put the stan- 

 chions which support the waist-trees. This is called 

 the gunwale, whether there be guns in the ship or 

 not. The lower part of any port, where any ord- 

 nance is, is also termed the gunwale. 



GURNARD (trigla. Lin.). T e /yXa, which the 

 Romans called mullus, does not belong to this genus, 

 though it was included in it by Artedi. These fish, 

 which are marine, all afford excellent food. They 

 have a scaly body, of a uniform shape, compressed 

 laterally, and attenuated towards the tail. The head 

 is broader than the body, and slopes towards the 

 snout, where it is armed with spines ; the upper jaw 

 is divided, and extends beyond the lower. The 

 eyes are near the top of the head, large and promi- 

 nent, particularly the upper margin of the orbits. 

 The dorsal fins are unequal, the first short, high, and 

 aculeate ; the second long, sloping, and radiate. The 

 ventral and pectoral are uncommonly large, and 

 from their base hang three loose and slender ap- 

 pendages. Many of the species utter a peculiar 

 noise when taken ; many of the species are provided 

 with pectoral fins, sufficiently large to enable them 

 to spring out of the water. One of the species lias 

 been denominated the lyre fish, on account of its 

 bifurcated rostrum, which bears a faint resemblance 

 to that instrument. 



GUSTAVUS I., king of Sweden, known under the 

 name of Gustavus Vasa, born in 1490, was a son of 

 duke Erich Vasa, of Gripsholm, and a descendent of 

 the old royal family. He was one of those great 

 men, whom Nature so seldom produces, who appear 

 to have been endowed by her with every quality 

 becoming a sovereign. His handsome person and 

 noble countenance prepossessed all in his favour. 

 His artless eloquence was irresistible ; his concep- 

 tions were bold, but his indomitable spirit brought 

 them to a happy issue. He was intrepid, and yet 

 prudent, full of courtesy in a rude age, and as virtu- 

 ous as the leader of a party can be. When the 

 tyrant Christian II. of Denmark sought to make 

 himself master of the throne of Sweden, Gustavus 

 resolved to save his country from oppression ; but 

 the execution of his plans was interrupted, as Chris- 

 tian seized his person, and kept him prisoner in Co- 

 penhagen as a hostage, with six other distinguished 

 Swedes. When, at last, in 1519, he heard of the 

 success of Christian, who had nearly completed the 

 subjection of Sweden, he resolved while yet in prison, 

 that he would deliver his country. He fled in the 

 dress of a peasant, and went more than fifty miles 



the first day, through an unknown country. In 

 Flensborg, he met with some cattle drivers from 

 Jutland. To conceal himself more securely, lie took 

 service with them, and arrived happily at Lnbec.k. 

 Here he was indeed recognised, but he was taken 

 under the protection of the senate, who even promi-ed 

 to support him in his plans, which he no longer 

 concealed. He then embarked, and landed at Cal- 

 mar. The garrison to whom he made himsel. 

 known, refused to take the part of a fugitive,. Pro- 

 scribed by Christian, pursued by the soldiers of the 

 tyrant, rejected both by friends and relations, lie 

 turned his steps towards Dalecarlia, to seek as^is- 

 tance from the inhabitants of this province. Having 

 escaped with difficulty the dangers which surrounded 

 him, he was well received by a priest, who aided 

 him with his influence, money, and counsel. After 

 he had prepared the minds of the people, he 

 took the opportunity of a festival, at which the 

 peasants of the canton assembled, and appeared 

 in the midst of them. His noble and confident 

 air, his misfortunes, and the general hatred against 

 Christian, who had marked the very beginning of 

 his reign by a cruel massacre at Stockholm all lent 

 an irresistible power to his words. The people rushed 

 to arms ; the castle of the governor was stormed ; 

 and, emboldened by this success, the Dalecarliuns 

 flocked together under the banners of the conqueror. 

 From this moment, Gustavus entered upon a career 

 of victory. At the head of a self, raised army, he 

 advanced rapidly, and completed the expulsion of 

 the enemy. In 1521, the estates gave him the title 

 of administrator. In 1523, they proclaimed him 

 king. Upon receiving this honour, he appeared to 

 yield with regret to the wishes of the nation ; but 

 he deferred the ceremony of the coronation, that he 

 might not be obliged to swear to uphold the Catholic 

 religion and the rights of the clergy. He felt that 

 the good of the kingdom required an amelioration of 

 the affairs of the church ; and he felt, too, that this 

 could only be effected by a total reform. His chan- 

 cellor, Lara Anderson, advised him to avail himself 

 of the Lutheran doctrines to attain his object. G us- 

 tavus was pleased with this bold plan, and executed 

 it more by the superiority of his policy than of his 

 power. While he secretly favoured the progress of 

 the Lutheran religion, he divided the vacant ecclesi- 

 astical dignities among his favourites ; and, under 

 pretence of lightening the burdens of the people, lie 

 laid upon the clergy the charge of supporting his 

 army. Soon after, he dared to do still more : in 1 527, 

 he requested and obtained from the estates the aboli- 

 tion of the privileges of the bishops. In the mean 

 while, the doctrines of Luther were rapidly spread- 

 ing. Gustavus anticipated all seditious movements, 

 or suppressed them. He held the malcontents under 

 restraint ; he flattered the ambitious ; he gained the 

 weak ; and, at last, openly embraced the faith which 

 the greater part of his subjects already professed. 

 In 1530, a national council adopted the confession of 

 Augsburg for their creed. Gustavus, after having, 

 as he said, thus conquered his kingdom a second 

 time, had nothing more to do but to secure it to his 

 children. The estates granted this request also, and, 

 in 1542, abdicated their right of election, and estab- 

 lished hereditary succession. Although Sweden was 

 a very limited monarchy, Gustavus exercised an al- 

 most unlimited power ; but this was allowed him, as 

 he only used it for the benefit of his country, and he 

 never violated the forms of the constitution. He 

 perfected the legislation; formed the character of 

 the nation ; softened manners ; encouraged industry 

 and learning, and extended commerce. After a glo- 

 rious reign of thirty-seven years, he died, in 1500, 

 at the age of seventy. See Von Archenholz's tfe- 



