GUSTAVUS IV. GUTTENBERG. 



595 



in the territories of Baden. Gustavus immediately 

 sent his aid-de-camp to Paris, with a letter to Bona- 

 parte, for the purpose of saving the duke, who, how- 

 ever, was shot before the letter was received. Gus- 

 tavus sent a remonstrance toRatisbon, on this subject, 

 and was, excepting Alexander I., the only sovereign 

 who openly expressed his indignation at this deed. 

 His rupture with France, his alliance with Great Bri- 

 tain and Russia, and his coolness towards the king 

 of Prussia, to whom he sent back the black eagle, be- 

 cause it had been bestowed on Napoleon, were the 

 consequence of his hatred of the new emperor of 

 France. It having been calculated that the number 

 666 was contained in the name of Napoleon Bona- 

 parte, Gustavus believed him to be the beast de- 

 scribed in the Revelations, whose reign was to be 

 short, and for whose destruction lie was called ! His 

 ambassador delivered to the German diet of 1806 a 

 declaration of the king that he would take no part in 

 its transactions, so long as its acts were under the 

 influence of usurpation ; he also rejected the otters of 

 peace made by Napoleon a short time before the 

 peace of Tilsit ; and, July 3, 1807, broke the truce 

 with France, and even refused the mediation of 

 Russia and Prussia, after the peace of Tilsit. He 

 returned the Russian order of St Andrew, as he had 

 formerly the Prussian order of the eagle, and, by his 

 adherence to Britain, plunged his people into a dis- 

 advantageous war with Russia, and became anew the 

 enemy of Prussia and then of Denmark. Finland 

 was lost, and a Danish army threatened the frontiers 

 of Sweden. Deaf to all solicitations to conclude a 

 peace, he alienated thenobility and the army by his 

 caprices, and exasperated the nation by the weight 

 of the taxes. Having finally provoked the enmity of 

 Britain, by seizing the British ships in the Swedish 

 p^orts, when that power endeavoured to bring him to 

 reason, it appeared plain to every one, that he was 

 ready to sacrifice the welfare of his people to his 

 passions. <A. plot was secretly formed against him ; 

 the western army, assured that the Danes would not 

 pass the frontiers, took up its line of march to Stock- 

 holm, where the principal conspirators were plotting 

 in the immediate presence of Gustavus. It was only 

 seventy miles from the capital when Gustavus heard 

 of its approach. He hastened from Haga, where he 

 was residing with his family, to Stockholm, to defend 

 his capital against -the rebels. But he altered his 

 plan, and determined to go to Linkioping with the 

 troops which were in Stockholm. He was about to 

 remove the bank from the capital, but first required 

 it to advance him 2,000,000 dollars, or the greatest 

 sum which could be raised. The commissaries re- 

 fused to comply ; Gustavus showed an intention to 

 use force ; upon which it was resolved to anticipate 

 him. Such was the situation of affairs on the evening 

 of March 12, 1809. The king spent that night in 

 preparing every thing for his departure, and the 

 moment arrived when he was to take the money from 

 the bank. Three doors of the palace were already 

 secured, and all the officers were assembled, as it 

 was the usual day of parade; Field-marshal Kling- 

 spor and general Adlerkreuz, however, once more 

 tttempted the effect of conciliatory propositions, 

 tvhen Gustavus highly offended them by his insulting 

 manner. Adlerkreuz then called the marshal Silber- 

 sparre and five adjutants, demanded of the king his 

 sword, and declared him a prisoner in the name of 

 the nation. Gustavus attempted to strike him with 

 his sword, but it was wrested from him. Upon his 

 cry for help, some of his faithful followers forced the 

 doors ; but they were overpowered by thirty of the 

 conspirators', who rushed in upon them. During this 

 struggle, Gustavus escaped, but was seized upon the 

 stairs and brought back to his chamber by one of his 



servants, where he broke out into an ungovernable 

 fit of rage. All the entrances of the castle were 

 closely guarded. At noon Charles duke of Sudermann- 

 land, published a proclamation, declaring^ that he had 

 taken the government into his own hands' The revo- 

 lution was completed in a few hours. Gustavus now 

 submitted quietly. Perhaps his religious enthusiasm 

 was the cause of his present state of mind. At one 

 o'clock at night, he was carried to Drotningholm. His 

 wife and children were obliged to remain in Haga. 

 March 24, he was removed to Gripsholm, his favou- 

 rite place of residence. Here he published (March 

 29) an act of abdication, expecting the final sentence 

 of the diet, which, on its first session (May 10), 

 solemnly renounced their allegiance to him, and de- 

 clared the heirs of his body for ever incapable of 

 succeeding to the Swedish throne. Thereupon a for- 

 mal act was prepared. The dethroned king occupied 

 himself at Gripsholm, principally in studying the 

 Revelation of John. He wished to leave Sweden. 

 The estates, on the proposition of the new king,Charles 

 XIII., settled on him an annual pension for himself 

 and family. His private property, as well as that of 

 his wife and son, was also left him. He did not oc- 

 cupy the place of residence assigned to him in the 

 island of Wisings-Oe, but (Dec. 6, 1809) went from 

 Gripsholm to Germany and Switzerland, where he 

 lived under the title of count of Gottorp. He has 

 since separated from his wife and children ; and his 

 marriage was, on the 17th of February, 1812, at his 

 own request, annulled. The same year, he also de- 

 sired to be admitted among the Moravian brothers 

 at Herrnhut. Since his separation from his wife, lie 

 has been accustomed to wear the mystical religious 

 badge of the order of St John. He afterwards made 

 several tours without any definite object, visited St 

 Petersburg, and, in 1811, London. In Dec., 1814, 

 he was making preparations at Bale for a visit to 

 Jerusalem. In 1815, he presented a declaration to 

 the congress of Vienna, asserting the claims of his 

 son to the Swedish throne. He finally assumed the 

 name of Gustavson, and visited Leipsic, in 1827, as a 

 private individual. His son, Gustavus, who was born 

 in 1799, studied in Lausanne and Edinburgh, was pre- 

 sent at Vienna and Verona at the time of the con- 

 gress in 1822, and in 1825 entered the Austrian ser- 

 vice, as lieutenant-colonel of the imperial Hulans. 

 He lives at Vienna, and enjoys the title of royal high- 

 ness. He has three sisters, carefully educated by 

 their excellent mother (who died in 1826). The 

 eldest was married, in 1819, to Leopold of Hoch- 

 berg, margrave of Baden. 



GUSTO; an Italian word 'signifying taste. It 

 often occurs in music ; as con gusto, with taste. 



GUT, in the West India islands, particularly in the 

 island of St Christopher's, or St Kitt's, is a term for 

 the opening of a river or brook, such river or brook 

 also being often so called. 



GUTS-MUTHS, JOHN CHRISTIAN FREDERIC, born 

 in Quedlinburg, 1760, was the first German author 

 who wrote extensively on the various exercises in- 

 cluded in the modern gymnastics. Guts-Muths was, 

 for a long time, a teaclier in the institution of Salz- 

 mann, at Schnepfenthal. He wrote several works ou 

 gymnastics. His latest is the Turnbuch (Frankfort 

 on tire Maine, 1818), in which he adopted many ex- 

 ercises, as also the name of the book, from that of 

 Jahn (q.v.).as the latter had also adopted many 

 things from him. He wrote, too, a Geography (2 

 vols., 1810 1813), and edited a Bibliothek der pa- 

 dagogischen Literatur Library of Works on Educa- 

 tion (18001820, 55 vols). 



GUTTA SERENA. See Cataract, and Eye. 



GUTTENBERG, more properly GUTENBERG, 

 JOHN, or HENNE GANSEFLEISH von Sorgenloch (Sul- 

 2p2 



