596 



GUTTURALGUYS. 



), usually called the inventor of printing, was 

 born at Mentz, about 1400. The family of Guten- 

 berg called itself noble. In 1424, Gutenberg was 

 living in Strasburg. and, in 1 436, entered into a con- 

 tract with one Andrew Dryzelui (Dritzehn) and others, 

 binding himself to teach them all his secret and won- 

 derful arts, and to employ them for their common 

 advantage. The death of Dryzelui, which happened 

 soon after, frustrated the undertaking of the com- 

 pany, who hat! probably intended to commence the 

 nrt of printing ; especially as George Dryzehn, a 

 brother of the deceased, engaged in a lawsuit with 

 G utenberg, which turned out to the disadvantage of 

 the latter. When and where the first attempts were 

 made at printing cannot be fully decided, as Guten- 

 berg never attached either name or date to the works 

 he printed. This, however, is certain, that, about 

 1438, Gutenberg made use of moveable types of 

 wood. In 1443, he returned from Strasburg, where 

 he had hitherto lived, to Mentz, and, in 1450, formed 

 a copartnership with John Faust, or Fust, a rich gold- 

 smith of this city (who must not be confounded with 

 the famous magician Faust), who furnished money to 

 establish a press, in which the Latin Bible was first 

 printed. But, after some years, this connexion was 

 dissolved. Faust had made large advances, which 

 Gutenberg ought to have repaid ; and, as he either 

 could not or would not do it, the subject was carried 

 before the tribunals. The result was, that Faust re- 

 tained the press, which he unproved, and continued 

 to use in company with Peter SchoefFer of Gernsheim. 

 By the patronage of a counsellor of Mentz, Conrad 

 Hummer, Gutenberg was again enabled to establish 

 a press the following year, when he probably printed 

 Hermannide Saldis Speculum Sacerdotum (in quarto), 

 without the date or printer's name. Here, likewise, 

 as some maintain, appeared four editions of the Donat 

 (Latin grammar of Donatus), which others, however, 

 ascribe to the office of Faust and Schoeffer. In 1457, 

 the Psalter was printed with a typographical ele- 

 gance which sufficiently proves the rapid advances of 

 the new art, and the diligence with which it was cul- 

 tivated. Gutenberg's printing-office remained in 

 Mentz till 1465. About this time, he was ennobled 

 by Adolphus of Nassau, and died Feb. 24, 1468. 

 Little is known of his life and works, or of the early 

 progress of the art of printing, and the introduction 

 of moveable types. Valuable statements and sugges- 

 tions on this subject are to be found in Fischer's 

 Versuch zur erkliirung alter typographischen Merk- 

 wurdigkeiten (Hamburg, 1740) ; Oberlin's Beit-rage 

 zur Geschichte Gutenberg (Strasburg, 1801) ; and in 

 the works of Denis, Lichtenberger, Panzer, and many 

 other writers. 



GUTTURAL (from the Latin guttur, the throat) 

 signifies, in grammar, a sound produced chiefly by 

 the back parts of the cavity of the mouth. The 

 palatals g and k are nearly related to them. The 

 Greek %, the German ch after a, and ch after i, and 

 the Dutch g, are gutturals. The Arabian language 

 is full of gutturals, and many of them are unknown 

 in most other languages. (See the article H, for the 

 relation between g and the guttural sound of the 

 German ch or the Greek #.) The modern Greek 

 gives to % a very strong guttural sound, like that oi 

 the German ch after e and after a. The Irish r is a 

 true guttural. The French nasal sound, as in long, 

 is a true guttural ; the English sound in long not so 

 much, as it is less nasal. The Spanish n has been 

 called, by some, a nasal-guttural. The roughness 01 

 the dialect of Switzerland is owing to its strong anc 

 numerous gutturals ; for it not only pronounces al 

 tlie gutturals of the German language very forcibly 

 but also gives to g, in many cases, the harsh guttura 

 sound of ch after . 



GUV ; a rope used to keep steady any weighty 

 )ody from bearing or falling against the ship's side, 

 while it is hoisting or lowering, particularly when the 

 ihip is shaken by a tempestuous sea. 



Guy is also the name of a tackle, used to confine a 

 worn forward when a vessel is going large, and to pre- 

 vent the sail from shifting by any accidental change of 

 ,he wind or course, which would endanger the spring- 

 ng of the boom, or perhaps the upsetting of the vessel. 



Guy is likewise a large slack rope, extending from 

 he head of the main-mast to the head of the fore- 

 nast, and having two or three large blocks fastened 

 to it. It is used to sustain a tackle to load or unload 

 a ship with, and is accordingly removed as soon as 

 .hal operation is finished. 



GUY, THOMAS, the founder of Guy's hospital, was 

 the son of a lighterman in Southwark, and born in 

 1644. He was brought up a bookseller. He dealt 

 argely in the importation of Bibles from Holland, 

 and afterwards contracted with Oxford for those 

 printed at that university ; but his principal gains 

 arose from the disreputable purchase of seamen's 

 prize tickets, in queen Anne's war, and from his 

 dealings in South sea stock, in 1720. By these spe- 

 culations and practices, aided by the most penurious 

 iabits, he amassed a fortune of nearly half a million 

 sterling, of which he spent about .200,000 in the 

 building and endowing his hospital in Southwark. 

 He also erected almshouses at Tamworth, and bene- 

 fited Christ's hospital and various other charities, 

 leaving .80,000 to be divided among those who could 

 prove any degree of relationship to him. He died 

 in December, 1724, in his 81st year, after having 

 dedicated more to charitable purposes than any pri- 

 vate man in English record. 



GUY DE CHAULIAC (Guido de Cauliaco), a 

 native of Chauliac, on the frontier of Auvergne, 

 France, lived in the middle of the fourteenth century, 

 and was the physician of three popes. He is to be 

 considered as the reformer of surgery in his tim. 

 His Chirurgia magna contains most of the opinions 

 of his predecessors. It was long considered as a 

 classical text book; was finished at Avignon in 

 1363; and was printed at Bergamo (1498, folio). 

 An older edition is mentioned (Venice, 1470, folio). 

 It has been often reprinted, commented on, and 

 translated into modern languages. 



GUY FAWKES. See Gunpowder Plot. 



GUY'S HOSPITAL, in the borough of London. 

 (See Guy.) The hospital was established for 400 

 sick persons, besides twenty incurable lunatics. It 

 contains thirteen wards, and upwards of 400 beds. 

 There are three physicians, three surgeons, and an 

 apothecary. The average number of patients ad- 

 mitted annually is about 2250, besides whom, there 

 are 20,000 out-patients. This hospital has a collec- 

 tion of anatomical preparations, and a theatre for the 

 delivery of chemical, medical, and anatomical lec- 

 tures. On one evening in the week, medical subjects 

 are debated. 



GUY ON, MADAME. See Quietism. 



GUYS, PIERRK AUGUSTIN; born at Marseilles, 

 1721 ; a merchant in Constantinople, and afterwards 

 in Smyrna ; known for his travels and his accounts 

 of them. He subsequently became a member of the 

 institute, and of the academy of Arcadians in Rome. 

 His first work appeared in 1744, and contained an 

 account of his journey from Constantinople to Sophia, 

 the capital of Bulgaria, in a series of letters. In 

 1748, he published, in the form of letters, an account 

 of his journey from Marseilles to Smyrna, and thence 

 to Constantinople. He was mostly indebted, for his 

 literary fame, to his Voyage litteraire de la Grece, a 

 work in which he compares and contrasts, with much 

 acuteness and truth, the condition of ancient and 



