608 



HAGUE D'ARMES HADDINGTON. 



entitled to it, he incurs a very heavy forfeiture to 

 the complainant. The party being Urns brought up, 

 the judge determines whether lie is entitled to be 

 discharged, absolutely, or to be discharged on giving 

 a certain bail, or must be remanded to prison, if the 

 imprisonment is wholly unauthorized, the complain- 

 ant is discharged ; if it be not unauthorized, but is 

 yet for a cause in which the party is entitled to be 

 discharged on giving bail, the judge orders accord- 

 ingly. This is the writ which is justly denominated 

 the great bulwark and second magna cltarta of 

 British liberty. It not only protects the citizen from 

 unlawful imprisonment, at the suggestion of the civil 

 officers of the government, in behalf of the public, 

 but also against groundless arrests at the suit or 

 instigation of individuals. There are other writs of 

 habeas corpus, but the one we have described is 

 always intended when the terms are used without 

 explanation. 



HACHE D'ARMES (French) ; the battle-axe, or 

 mace, of the knights. 



HACIENDA (Spanish) ; a farm, singly situated ; 

 also public revenue. 



HACKBERRY, or HOOP ASH (celtis crassi- 

 folia, an American tree, abundant in the basin of the 

 Ohio and beyond the Mississippi, and occurring 

 sometimes on the eastern slope of the Alleglianies, 

 especially hi the basins of the Susquehanna and Po- 

 tomac. It grows to a great height, but the thick- 

 ness of the trunk is not proportional. The leaves, 

 which are not unlike those of the mulberry, are 

 larger than in the other species of nettle-tree, ovate 

 ana acuminate ; the small white flowers are suc- 

 ceeded by one-seeded berries, of a black colour, and 

 resembling peas in size and shape. The wood, on 

 account ot its aptitude to decay, is little used, but is 

 said to make very fine charcoal. 



HACKERT, PHILIP; a distinguished German 

 landscape painter, was born at Prentzlow, in the 

 Ukennark, in 1737, and died at Florence, 1806. His 

 four younger brothers were also distinguished in the 

 arts, three of them in painting, and one (George) in 

 engraving. In 1768, Philip Hackert went to Italy. 

 On his return from Naples (in 1770) to Rome, Ca- 

 tliarine, empress of Russia, employed him to paint 

 six pictures representing the two battles of Tschesme. 

 These laid the foundation of his fame. In order to 

 enable the artist to form a correct notion of the 

 explosion of a vessel, count Orloff caused a Russian 

 frigate to be blown up in his presence. The singu- 

 larity of this model, many months before spoken of 

 in all the European papers, contributed not a little 

 to increase the fame of the picture. In 1782, he was 

 presented to Ferdinand, king of Naples, whose fa- 

 vour he soon gained. In 1786, he received an ap- 

 pointment in Naples. When the revolutionary war 

 broke out, being considered by the royalists as a 

 republican, and by the French as a royalist, he was 

 obliged to retire to Florence, where he died in 1806. 

 His forte lay in painting scenes. To originality of 

 composition his pictures have no claim. He was 

 also skilful in restoring pictures, as appears by his 

 letter to lord Hamilton, Sull' uso della vernice nella 

 pittura (1788). He communicated fragments to 

 Goethe, on landscape painting, who published Ph. 

 Hacker? s Biographische S/cizze, meist nach dessen 

 eignen Aufsiitzen. This work contains anecdotes of 

 king Ferdinand, such as his formal distribution of 

 pieces of wild boar's flesh among his favourites, ac- 

 cording to their rank, and other stories of the same 

 sort, illustrating the imbecility of the Neapolitan 

 court, depicted, likewise, in Collingwood's Letters. 



HACKMATACK ; a term applied, in many parts 

 of die United States, to the American larch. See 

 Lurch. 



HACKNEY ; a largo and populous village and 

 parish in Middlesex, two miles from London, to 

 which it is joined by several new rows and streets. 

 It has a receptacle for lunatics. St John's palace, 

 an ancient house in Well's Street, now let out in 

 tenements to poor families, is believed to have been 

 the residence of the prior of the order of St John ot 

 Jerusalem. In this parish, south of Seabridge, arc 

 the Temple mills, once belonging to the knights 

 Templars. It is supposed that hackney coaches 

 were first established between this place and London, 

 and derived their name from it. Population of the 

 parish, in 1841, 37,771. 



HACKNEY ; a horse kept to let. This terra in 

 England is often shortened into hack. 



Hackney couch ; a coach kept to let. Hackney 

 coaches began first to ply, under this name, in Lon- 

 don, in 1625, when they were twenty in number. See 

 Coaches. 



HADDINGTON, the county town of Hadding- 

 tonshire, or East Lothian, is situated on the left bank 

 of the river Tyne, 16 miles from Edinburgh, and 38 

 from Berwick-upon-Tweed. It consists of a main or 

 High street, lying in the direction of east and west, 

 ana forming a continuation of the great road from 

 Edinburgh to London, with a back street parallel to 

 it on the north, and two cross streets at their eastern 

 extremity. The main street is spacious and elegant, 

 containing many handsome buildings. A bridge of 

 four arches connects the town with the ancient 

 suburb of Nungate, which lies on the right bank of 

 the Tyne, and carries across the road to Dunse. It 

 is not known at what time Haddington was erected 

 into a royal burgh, as all its ancient records are 

 lost. In 1244, it was consumed by fire ; in 1355, 

 it was burned by Edward III. ; and in 1598, it 

 was almost again consumed. In 1548, it was 

 taken by the English, and sustained a long siege, 

 until they evacuated it in 1549. In 1421, on St 

 Ninian's day, it suffered greatly by an inundation ; 

 and on the 4th October, 1775, the Tyne rose seven- 

 teen feet above its usual level, and laid half tiie town 

 under water. Haddington possesses a venerable 

 church, formerly collegiate, and belonging to a Fran- 

 ciscan monastery, founded here in the twelfth cen- 

 tury ; a very elegant episcopal chapel ; commodious 

 county and town-halls ; excellent grammar, English, 

 and music schools, with suitable apartments for the 

 masters, whose stipends are supplied from the public 

 revenue of the burgh, arising chiefly from feu duties, 

 petty customs, &c. It has also a school oi arts ; a 

 public library left to the town by Mr John Gray; 

 and a subscription library. 



From the remaining vestiges of its ancient fortifi- 

 cations, Haddington was doubtless at some remote 

 period a post of great strength and importance ; for 

 ages also it had a sort of claim to the title of " The 

 Commercial Metropolis" of this part of Scotland, it 

 being the place where the court of " The Four 

 Burghs " used to assemble, under the -presidency of 

 a chamberlain, for the purpose of deciding all dis- 

 putes regarding traffic. Its principal trade now 

 consists in corn, the market for which (held on 

 Friday) is the best in Scotland ; the manufacture of 

 woollen cloth, introduced under the auspices of 

 Cromwell, after his decisive victory at Dunbar ; and 

 the tanning of hides. The business of the two latter 

 branches is chiefly carried on in a street named Gif- 

 fordgate, on the opposite bank of the Tyne, noted as 

 the birthplace of the celebrated reformer,John Knoxj 

 and in Nungate, remarkable for the ruins of its once 

 magnificent abbey, or nunnery, founded in 1173, by 

 Ada, mother of Malcolm IV. This ablwy, during 

 the siege of Haddington, in ] 548, was the seat of 

 the parliament th:it icsolved upon giving queen 



