HADDINGTON. 



609 



Mary in marriage to the Dauphin, and caused her 

 to be educated at the French court. 



The parish of Haddington, which lies on both 

 sides of the Tyne, comprises 12,000 acres, well in- 

 closed, and arable, with a few exceptions on the 

 borders of Glades-Muir, where the soil is exceedingly 

 sterile, but has lately been planted with oak and 

 other wood. Population of burgh and parish in 1831, 

 5883. 



HADDINGTONSHIRE, or EAST LOTHIAN, 

 a county in the south-east part of Scotland, bounded 

 by Berwickshire on the south and south-east ; by the 

 German Ocean on the east ; by the Firth of Forth on 

 the north ; and by the county of Edinburgh, or Mid- 

 Lothian, on the west and south-west. Its length is 

 from west to east about twenty-five miles, and its 

 breadth from south to north about eighteen; but, 

 from the irregularity of the sides, it seems to contain 

 a superficies of not more than 297 square miles, or 

 190,363 English acres. 



Haddingtonshire may be divided, in an agricultur- 

 al view, into four districts. 1st, The coast lands, a 

 stripe of varying breadth, commencing at Ravens- 

 heugh burn on the west, and terminating at the eas- 

 tern extremity of the county, uniformly inclining to- 

 wards the sea throughout the whole of its extent ; 

 2d, The midland district, comprehending the whole 

 of that ridge, of which the south side leans to the 

 vale of Tyne, and the lands situated immediately to 

 the south of that river, a tract which commences at 

 the western extremity of the county, but terminates 

 a considerable way inland on the east ; 3d, The up- 

 land district, running along the bottom of the moun- 

 tainous tract nearly the whole length of the county ; 

 and 4th, The mountainous or Lammermuir district, 

 comprehending that extensive range of hills which 

 runs from the south-west along the southern boun- 

 dary, and terminates at St Abb's Head. From the 

 more elevated part of the Lammermuir district, the 

 view is rich and beautiful. From the Garleton hills, 

 in the centre of the county, the inequalities of the 

 surface are more discernible, and the various objects 

 brought nearer to the eye of the observer. Spartle- 

 ton hill, about 1615 feet above the level of the sea, 

 is the highest point of the range of the Lammermuir 

 heights. Traprene Law, a rocky hill, of an oval 

 form, rises singly in an open country to the height of 

 700 feet above the level of the sea, and affords from 

 its summit a most distinct and extensive prospect. 

 North Berwick Law, a conical hill of a beautiful 

 shape, about half a mile from the sea, is about 800 

 feet in height ; and Down hill, or Dun hill, in the 

 parish of Spot, is about 500 feet above the sea. 



The prevailing rocks of this county are coal, sand- 

 stone, limestone, and marl. Coal was dug at Pres- 

 ton-grange, by the monks of Newbottle so early as 

 the year 1200. Sandstone or freestone is very abun- 

 dant, and is quarried at Barra, Pencaithland, and 

 Tranent. Iron ore is found in several places ; and 

 an iron work is carried on at Fawside, near the last 

 mentioned village. There are mineral springs in the 

 parishes of Humbie, Pencaithland, and Spot, which 

 are. much esteemed as remedies for scorbutic disor- 

 ders ; and one has been discovered at Salton House, 

 of the same nature and virtue as the Bristol waters. 

 Scarcely any part of the county is above six miles 

 distance from lime rock. The principal natural curi- 

 osities in the county are the rocky head, on the west 

 side of the harbour of Dunbar, which is composed of 

 red freestone, and on each side bears a great resem- 

 blance to the Giant's Causey in Ireland ; and the 

 Bass rock in the Firth of Forth, where fowl of vari- 

 ous kinds, particularly gannets or solan geese, and 

 kittiewakes, a species of gull, abound. 



The principal antiquities of Hadclingtonshire are 



the hill forts of the original Celtic inhabitants, and 

 the castles of the feudal ages. Of the former class 

 are the camp in Bolton parish, called Chesters ; the 

 circular camp at Garvald, another at Carfrae, and 

 one of great extent on Priestlaw, in Whittingham 

 parish, besides many circular fortlets found almost on 

 every rising ground. Of the latter description are 

 the castle of Dunglass, often mentioned in the Scot- 

 tish annals as the guard of that pass into North Bri- 

 tain ; tlie castle of Dunbar, which sustained so many 

 formidable attacks, but was at last demolished in 

 1567, as the residence of the noted earl of Bothwell ; 

 the castle of Dirleton, which arrested the progress of 

 Edward I. in 1298 ; the castle of Hailes, on the 

 southern banks of the Tyne, which, along with the 

 preceding, was demolished by Cromwell in 1650 ; 

 the castle of Tantallon, on a high rock overhanging 

 the sea, two miles east of North Berwick, demolished 

 in 1639 ; the castle of the Bass, which had sheltered 

 James the infant heir of Robert III. and in the reign 

 of Charles II. was employed as a state prison. 



In agricultural operations and produce, Hadding- 

 tonshire holds the first rank in Scotland ; and will 

 bear a comparison with the best improved districts 

 of England. From the end of the llth century, the 

 progress of agriculture was greatly promoted in East 

 Lothian by the kings and barons, and especially by 

 the monks, who pursued even at that early period 

 the practice of draining and enclosing. The great 

 number of mills, which existed every where through- 

 out the county, afford some proof of the extent of its 

 agriculture during the twelfth and thirteenth centu- 

 ries ; but the wasteful wars which followed the death 

 of Alexander III., produced the most ruinous con- 

 sequences in East Lothian ; and, notwithstanding all 

 the efforts which were made during the reign or the 

 Bruces and Stuarts to regain the ancient husban- 

 dry, it was not till the era of the Union that the 

 spirit of agricultural improvement revived in this 

 county, and before the year 1743 it had become the 

 best cultivated district in Scotland. Among the 

 various improvements of this nature, which seem to 

 have originated in East Lothian, may be mentioned 

 the practice of sowing grass seeds, introduced by the 

 sixth earl of Haddington ; the use of the fanners im- 

 ported from Holland by Meikle the mill-wright, 

 under the patronage of Fletcher of Saltoun ; the 

 horse-hoeing husbandry by the elder Mr Wight; the 

 plan of hollow-draining by Patrick Lord Elibank and 

 Sir Hugh Dalrymple ; the levelling and straightening 

 of ridges by two farmers of the name of Cunningham; 

 the culture of turnips by John Marquis of Tweedale, 

 and Sir George Suttie ; and the planting of potatoes, 

 as a field crop, by Hay, a farmer of Aberlady. The 

 farms of Haddingtonshire are all large, varying from 

 two to five hundred acres, and some greatly exceed- 

 ing that amount. 



The manufactures of Haddingtonshire are inconsi- 

 derable. A coarse woollen cloth, originally intended 

 for domestic uses, has long been fabricated among 

 the inhabitants, particularly in the county town ; and 

 at Athelstonford a variegated kind of stuff, called 

 Gilmerton gray, is made at a moderate price. There 

 is a manufacture of cordage and sail-cloth at Dunbar. 

 but not of great extent, and a few linens have been 

 made at different places. The first bleachfield in 

 Scotland is said to have been established in this coun- 

 ty, under the patronage of Cockburn of Ormiston. 

 The first work of that kind, belonging to the British 

 Linen Company, was fixed at Saltoun, under the in- 

 spection of Fletcher, Lord Milton. There is a cotton 

 mill in the parish of Dunbar, and a soap manufacture 

 in the town. At Prestonpans, there have existed for 

 more than half a century works for pottery, for stone- 

 ware, for nitric acid, muriatic acid, &c. There is a 



