mo 



HADDOCK HAFIZ. 



manufactory of brown stoneware, and another of 1 

 glass bottles ; at Morison's-haven a considerable 

 tannery ; a small manufactory of locks and nails at 

 Tranent ; and a paper-mill at Saltoun. A salt-work 

 was established at Prestonpans about the end of the 

 twelfth century, and along this part of the coast the 

 produce of this article used to be at least 30,000 

 bushels yearly. The oyster and herring fisheries 

 were, from a very early period, highly productive. 

 Population of the county in 1801, 29,986 ; in 1831, 

 36,145. 



HADDOCK (gadus teglefinus). This fish appears 

 in such shoals as to cover a tract of many miles, 

 keeping near the shore. In stormy weather, they 

 will not take the bait. The fishermen assert, that 

 they then bury themselves in the mud, and thus shel- 

 ter themselves till the agitation of the water has 

 ceased. In proof of this, they allege that those which 

 are taken immediately after a storm are covered 

 with mud upon the back. The common size of the 

 haddock is twelve inches. It has a brown back, a 

 silvery belly, and a black lateral line. On each side, 

 about the middle, is a large black spot, the prints, as 

 is superstitiously believed, of the finger and thumb of 

 St Peter, when he took the tribute money from its 

 mouth ; but, unfortunately, the haddock is not the 

 only fish thus distinguished. It derives its specific 

 name from eagleftn, which was anciently its common 

 appellation. 



A popular method of curing the haddock in Scot- 

 land is to cleanse it, steep it lor a short time in brine, 

 and smoke it over a wood fire. This method of cur- 

 ing the haddock was first practised in the village of 

 Finnon, Aberdeenshire, and the fish so prepared are 

 hence called Finnon Haddocks. A very considerable 

 traffic is now carried on with this commodity between 

 the fishing villages of the north and the cities of Edin- 

 burgh, Glasgow, and London. When properly pre- 

 pared, it forms an agreeable relish to breakfast. 



HADES. See Pluto. 



HADJY ; the title of a Mohammedan who per- 

 forms a pilgrimage to Mecca a religious act, which 

 every true believer is directed to perform, at least, 

 once. Hadj is the name of the celebration which 

 takes place on the arrival of the caravans of pilgrims 

 at Mecca. (For an account of it, see the article 

 Arafat) . A very interesting description of the hadj, 

 and the numberless pilgrims, together with Mecca 

 and the Caaba, is to be found in Burckhardt's Tra- 

 vels (2 vols. 4to., London). 



HADLEY, JOHN, inventor of the quadrant that 

 goes by his name. It is singular that the exact year 

 of the birth and death of this ingenious man is un- 

 known. Maitland, in his history of London, styles 

 him a great master of hydraulics, having made many 

 improvements in the machinery of the water works 

 at the old London bridge. But whatever may have 

 been his talents as an engineer, he is best known as the 

 inventorof the instrumentabovealluded to, for measur- 

 ing the angles of celestial objects at sea. His claim to 

 the merit of the invention of the quadrant, or rather 

 octant, which measures angles by double reflection, has 

 been disputed by the Americans, who attribute it to Mr 

 Godfrey of Philadelphia. Both Hadley and Godfrey 

 produced their instruments in 1731 ; but it is highly 

 probable that Hadley had completed his instrument 

 some time before this, as he was on habits of inti- 

 macy with Newton, who many years ere this had con- 

 ceived the idea of measuring angles by double re- 

 flection, as appears by his posthumous works. Had- 

 ley also invented the instrument ealled the sextant, 

 much used at sea, and which can take all angles 

 within 120. Hadley seems to have been alive in 

 1783. 



H A DRI ATIC . See Adriatic. 



(from the Greek <>, blood); a word 

 which appears in a great number of scientific com- 

 pounds, particularly in botany, mineralogy, and me- 

 dicine. 



HAEMATICS (from ->*, Greek, the blood) the 

 branch of physiology which treats of the blood. 



HAEMATITE, Red, and Brown. See Iron, Ores 

 of. 



H^EMUS, in ancient geography ; a chain of moun- 

 tains running eastwardly from the ancient Orbelus to 

 the Pontus Euxinus, and separating Meesia from 

 Thrace. It terminated in a cape on the Black sea, 

 called Heemi Extrema, at present Eminetagh. The, 

 modern name of the Haemus is Balkan, (q. v.) 

 Fable derives this name from Haemus, king of Thrace, 

 who, considering himself equal to Jupiter, was 

 changed, with his wife, who compared herseL' 10 

 Juno, into this mountain. 



H JENKE, THADDECS, a Bohemian natural philoso- 

 pher and traveller, who was invited by the Spanish 

 government to accompany Malaspina on his voyage 

 round the world, in 1789. He arrived at Cadiz 

 twenty-four hours after the expedition had set sail. 

 He followed it in the next vessel that sailed to the 

 river Plata, but was wrecked on the coast of Monte- 

 video. Haenke swam safe ashore, with his Linnaeus 

 and his papers in his cap ; and, finding that the ex- 

 pedition had already set sail, he determined to seek 

 captain Malaspina in St Jago, by crossing the Andes. 

 Without any knowledge of the language of the coun- 

 try, and without any assistance, this courageous pre- 

 decessor of Humboldt surmounted all obstacles, and 

 succeeded in joining Malaspina. Hasnke never 

 returned to Europe ; he died in America, perhaps 

 purposely detained. The royal Bohemian national 

 museum possesses his collections of natural history. 

 It was published at Prague, in 1825, Reliquiae Heenke- 

 ancB, sen Descriptiones et Icones Plantarum quce in 

 America Merid. et Boreali, in Insulis Philippinis el 

 Marianis collegit Thaddeus HaenKe (with twelve en- 

 gravings). 



HAFF, an antiquated German word, signifying the 

 sea, and also a large bay, which appears in geogra- 

 phical names, as Curische-Haff". Havre, in French, 

 as Havre de Grace, is derived from it ; and havn, in 

 the Danish, Kioebenhavn (Copenhagen), port of mer- 

 chants, is connected with it ; as are also the Swedish 

 ham or hamn, signifying port, as in Friedrichsham 

 (Frederic's port), the English haven, and the German 

 ha/en. 



HAFIZ, or HAFEZ, MOHAMMED SCHEM?EDDIN, 

 one of the most celebrated and most charming poets 

 of Persia, was born at the beginning of the fourteenth 

 century ; studied theology and law, sciences which, 

 in Mohammedan countries, are intimately connected 

 with each other. The surname Hafiz was given him 

 because he knew the Koran by heart. He preferred 

 independent poverty, as a dervise, to a life at court, 

 whither he was often invited by sultan Ahmed, who 

 earnestly pressed him to visit Bagdad. He became a 

 sheik, or chief of a fraternity of dervises, and died, 

 probably at Shiraz, in 1389, where a sepulchral mo- 

 nument was erected to him, which has been often 

 described by travellers ; but, in October, 1825, an 

 earthquake at Shiraz destroyed, among many other 

 buildings, the monument of Hafiz, together with that 

 of the celebrated Sadi. Some idea of his style and 

 sentiments may be obtained through the medium of 

 translations. Sir William Jones published transla- 

 tions of two of his odes, which are extremely beauti. 

 ful ; besides which, may be noticed Nott's Select 

 Odes of Hafiz, translated into English Verse, with the 

 Original Text (1787, 4to), and Hindley's Persian 

 Lyrics, from the Divan-I-Hafiz, with Paraphrases in 

 Verse and Prose (1800, 4to). The songs of Hafiz 



