HAGAR HAHN. 



611 



were collected into a dioan, after his death, whicli 

 was published complete (Calcutta, 1791), and trans- 

 lated into German oy the celebrated Orientalist, von 

 Hammer (2 vols. Stuttgard, 18121815). The 

 poems of Hafiz are distinguished for sprightliness and 

 Anacreontic festivity. He is not unfrequently loud 

 in praise of wine, love, and pleasure. Some writers 

 have sought a mystic meaning in these verses. Fe- 

 ridoun, Sururi, Sadi, and others, have attempted to 

 explain what they supposed to be the hidden sense. 



HAGAR (i. e., the stranger) ; an Egyptian slave 

 in Abraham's house. She was presented, by her 

 mistress Sarah, to Abraham, in order that Abraham 

 might not die without descendents, Sarah herself be- 

 ing barren. Hagar bore Ishmael ; but Sarah soon 

 became jealous of her, and treated her severely. 

 Hagar fled, but afterwards returned, and, when Sarah 

 bore Isaac, was sent away by Abraham, who, the 

 Bible informs us, had received a divine order to dis- 

 miss her. She suffered much distress in the desert, 

 but was relieved by an angel, and married her son to 

 an Egyptian woman. (Gen. \. 16, 21.) Saint Paul 

 makes her the allegorical representation of the 

 Israelites, who were deprived of any participation in 

 the gospel, as she with her son did not inherit any- 

 thing from Abraham. (Gal. iv. 21.) 



HAGEDORN, FREDERIC von,aGerman poet, was 

 born in Hamburg, in 1708. He received a good 

 education, and displayed talents for poetry when 

 young ; but, becoming an orphan at the age of four- 

 teen, he found himself dependent on his own exer- 

 tions for support. He, however, continued studying 

 in the gymnasium at Hamburg, till 1726, when he 

 removed to the university at Jena, as a law student. 

 In 1729, he published a small collection of poems; 

 and the same year he went to London, in the suite of 

 the Danish ambassador, baron von Soelenthal, with 

 whom he resided till 1731. He obtained, in 1733, 

 the appointment of secretary to the English factory 

 at Hamburg, which placed him in easy circumstances. 

 It was not till 1738 that he again appeared before 

 the public as an author, when he printed the first 

 book of his Fables, which were much admired. In 

 1740, he published the Man of Letters, and, in 1743, 

 his celebrated poem on Happiness, which established 

 his reputation as a moral writer. The second book 

 of his Fables appeared in 1750 ; and he afterwards 

 produced many lyric pieces in the style of Prior. He 

 died of dropsy in 1754. Wieland, in the preface to 

 his poetical works, terms him the German Horace. 



HAGER, JOSEPH ; a distinguished Orientalist, 

 professor of the Oriental languages in the university 

 of Pavia, was born about 1750, at Milan, of a Ger- 

 man family. He first distinguished himself in the 

 literary world by the discovery of the fraud of a 

 Sicilian monk, named Vella, who had attempted to 

 impose on the court of Palermo by some forged docu- 

 ments relative to the history of Sicily. Hager left 

 Palermo for England, where he in vain endeavoured 

 to excite the attention of the public in favour of his 

 researches concerning Chinese literature. His pre- 

 tensions as an Oriental scholar were questioned by 

 doctor Antonio Montucci, an Italian resident in that 

 country, who was engaged in similar pursuits. Hager 

 published an Explanation of the elementary Charac- 

 ters of the Chinese, with an Analysis of their Symbols 

 and Hieroglyphics (London, 1801, folio), and a Dis- 

 sertation on the newly-discovered Babylonian Inscrip- 

 tions (1801, 4to). He then went to Paris, where he 

 produced the following works : the Monument of Yu, 

 the most ancient Inscription in China (1802, folio); 

 a Description of the Chinese Medals in the Imperial 

 Cabinet of France (1805, 4to) ; the Chinese Pan- 

 theon, or a Comparison of the Religious Rites of the 

 Greeks with those of the Chinese (1806, 4to). From 



Paris Hager removed to Milan, where lie published, 

 in Italian, Illustrations of an Oriental Zodiac, pre- 

 served in the Cabinet of Medals at Paris, and which 

 was discovered near the Site of Ancient Babylon 

 (1812, folio). In his Miniere, he intended to show 

 that the Turks were formerly connected with the 

 Chinese. His Observations on the Resemblance be- 

 tween the Language of the Russians and that of the 

 Romans (Milan, 1817), is full of hypotheses. Julius 

 Klaproth has shown tiiat Hager's works, though they 

 have great merit, contain gross mistakes. He died 

 at Milan, June 27, 1820. 



HAGGAI ; one of the minor prophets, who, im- 

 mediately after the return of the Jews from exile, 

 urged the rebuilding of the temple, as a condition of 

 the divine blessing for the new state. (Ezra v. 12 ; 

 vi. 4.) He therefore lived in the time of Darius 

 Hystaspes, Ezra, and Zacharias. Some critics have 

 thought that the writings now bearing his name are 

 only summaries of his works, because, they say, they 

 show a poverty of ideas and imagination. The best 

 modern edition of Haggai is in Rosenmuller's Schol. 

 in Vet. Test., p. 7, vol. iv, where the former com- 

 mentaries are also to be found. 



HAGIOGRAPHA (iy/, holy). The Jews divide 

 the Old Testament into three parts : 1. the law, 

 which comprehends the five books of Moses ; 2. the 

 prophets ; and, 3. the writings termed by them Cetu~ 

 bim, and by the Greeks Hagtographa, whence the word 

 has been introduced into the English language. The 

 Cetubim comprehended the books of Psalms, Proverbs, 

 Job, Daniel, Ezra, Nehemiah, Chronicles, Ruth, La- 

 mentations, Ecclesiastes, and Esther. The Hagiogra- 

 pha were distinguished from the prophecies, because 

 the matter contained in them was not received by the 

 way of prophecy, but simply by direction of the Spirit. 



HAGUE, THE (German, Haag ; Dutch, Graven- 

 hage); a beautiful town in South Holland, ten miles 

 S. S. W. Leyden, and 30 S. W. Amsterdam, and near- 

 ly three from the sea-coast. It yields to few cities in 

 Europe in the beauty of its streets, the stateliness of its 

 buildings, and the pleasantness of its situation. The 

 principal streets of the Hague are wide, straight and 

 handsome. There are here six squares and a fine park, 

 all of which form pleasant promenades. Of the public 

 buildings, the old palace is an enormous pile, present- 

 ing specimens of almost every species of architecture. 

 The mansion of the family of Bentinck, that of prince 

 Maurice, and the new palace begun by William III., 

 are all deserving of attention. The number of 

 churches is fourteen ; and there are also several chari- 

 table institutions. The greatest defect in this pleasant 

 town arises from the neglect of the canals, several 

 of which are stagnant, and emit a disagreeable 

 smell, which forms a strange contrast to the general 

 cleanliness of the place. On the south-east of the 

 Hague, at a distance of about a mile and a half, is 

 the castle of Ryswick, which gave its name to the 

 well known treaty of 1697. The Hague became, in 

 1250, the residence of the governors or counts of 

 Holland. It suffered greatly in its importance after 

 the erection of Holland into a kingdom by Bona- 

 parte. Before the late revolution, it was, alternate- 

 ly with Brussels, the residence of the king and place 

 of meeting of the states. (See Netherlands.) Po- 

 pulation, 4,4,000. 



HAHN, PHILIP MATTHEW, a celebrated mechani- 

 cal genius, born in 1731), at Scharnhausen. In his 

 thirteenth year, finding in his father's library an 

 account of the mode of constructing sun-dials, he 

 immediately set about making one. At the age of 

 seventeen, he went to the university of Tubingen, 

 where he spent his leisure hours in making sun-dials 

 and speaking-trumpets, grinding glasses, &c. To 

 learn the construction of watches, he lived upon 

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