..14 



HAIR'S BREADTH HALE. 



the fashion of wearing long hair was revived, and, 

 as it became desirable to have the hair curl, the wigs 

 were also restored. It was reserved for the French 

 revolution, which overturned so many institutions of 

 the " good old time," to bring back Europe to natural 

 and unpowdered liair. The French, the leaders in 

 almost all fashions, ore pre-eminent in hair-dressing. 

 We may remark tliat, in the north of America, hair 

 does not grow so full as in Europe, and hence much 

 more artificial hair is worn. In southern Asia, the 

 men turn their whole attention to the beard, and 

 shave the head. But the women cultivate their hair 

 with great care, and dye and ornament it in every 

 possible way. The African tribes generally grease 

 their hair. 



HAIR'S BREADTH ; a measure of length, being 

 the forty-eighth part of an inch. 



HAKE (gadus merluccius). This fish belongs to 

 that division of the genus which has two dorsal fins. 

 In shape, it is not very unlike a pike, and has hence 

 been termed the sea-pike by the French and Italians. 

 The mouth is large, and is furnished with double 

 rows of sharp teeth. The back part of the tongue, 

 the palate, and the throat, are also armed with sharp 

 spines or teeth. Hakes are very abundant in par- 

 ticular situations on the Irish coast ; but, after ap- 

 pearing for a number of years, they seem to take a 

 dislike to their accustomed haunts, and seek others. 

 This is not peculiar to the hake, as the herring and 

 various other fish are in the habit of relinquishing 

 their stations for a considerable time, and then reap- 

 pearing. Naturalists have not given any satisfactory 

 explanation of this singularity in the migration of 

 fish. It may, in some instances, be occasioned by 

 the close pursuit of an unusual number of predatory 

 fish, to avoid the voracity of which, they may be 

 driven upon shores that they were formerly unaccus- 

 tomed to frequent ; or a deficiency of their usual food 

 may force them to abandon a residence where they 

 could no longer be supported; 



HAKIM ; a Turkish word, originally signifying 

 sage, philosopher, and then, very naturally, a phy- 

 sician, as medicine and natural philosophy, among all 

 nations in a low degree of civilization, are the same. 

 Hakim bashi is the physician of the sultan, that is to 

 say, the chief of the physicians, always a Turk ; 

 whilst the true physicians in the seraglio under him 

 are western Europeans, Greeks and Jews. Under 

 Achmet I., there were twenty-one physicians in the 

 seraglio, besides forty Jews. How well a Christian 

 physician is received in the Turkish empire, in com- 

 parison with other infidels, may be seen from the 

 travels in that country ; for instance, in Madden's. 



HAKLUYT, RICHARD, one of the earliest English 

 collectors of voyages and maritime journals, was born 

 in 1553. He entered Christ-church college, Oxford, 

 and became so eminent for his acquaintance with cos- 

 mography, that he was appointed public lecturer on 

 that science. In 1582, he published a small Collec- 

 tion of Voyages and Discoveries, which formed the 

 basis of a subsequent work, on a larger scale. About 

 1584, he went to Paris, and staid there five years. 

 After his return home, he was chosen, by Sir Walter 

 Raleigh, a member of the corporation of counsellors, 

 assistants and adventurers, to whom he assigned his 

 patent for the prosecution of discoveries in America. 

 In consequence of this appointment, he prepared for 

 the press his collection of The Principal Navigations, 

 Voyages and Discoveries of the English Nation, made 

 by Sea, or over Land, within the Compass of these 

 1500 Years. The first volume, in folio, was published 

 in 1589, and the third and last in 1600. Besides nar- 

 ratives of nearly 220 voyages, these volumes com- 

 prise patents, letters, instructions and other docu- 

 ments, not readily to be found elsewhere. He died 



in 1616, and was interred in Westminster abbey. He 

 published several other geographical works ; among 

 them is Virginia richly valued, by the Description of 

 Florida (London 1609, 4to). An edition of his works 

 was published in London, 1809 1812, 5 vols. 4to. 

 The manuscript papers of Hakluyt were used by 

 Purchas. (q. v.) 



HALBARD, or HALBERT, in the art of war, a 

 well known weapon carried by the sergeants of foot, 

 is a sort of spear, the shaft of which is about six feet 

 long. Its head is armed with a steel point, edged 

 on both sides ; but, besides this sharp point, which 

 is in a line with the shaft, there is a cross piece of 

 steel, flat, and pointed at both ends, but generally 

 with a cutting-edge at one extremity, and a bent 

 sharp point at the other, so that it serves equally to 

 cut down or push with. 



HALBERSTADT, a Prussian city, in the pro- 

 vince of Saxony and government of Magdeburg, has 

 14,700 inhabitants, and manufactures cloth, linen, 

 and leather. It was the capital of the ci-devant 

 principality of Halberstadt. It has ten churches, 

 besides the cathedral of St Stephen. It is a place of 

 great antiquity, and is supposed to have been built 

 by the Cherusci. The buildings are in the Gothic 

 style, and of antique appearance. A remarkable 

 diet of the German empire was held here in 1134. 

 It is a walled city. Lat. 51 53' 55'' N.; Ion. 11 

 4' E. 



HALCYON. See Kingfisher. 



HALDE, JOHN BAPTISTE DU, a learned Jesuit, 

 was born at Paris in 1674. He was intrusted by his 

 order with the care of collecting and arranging the 

 letters sent by the society's missionaries from the 

 various parts of the world. He was also secretary 

 to father Le Tellier, confessor to Louis XIV. He 

 died in 1743, much esteemed for his mildness, piety, 

 and patient industry. He is chiefly known as the 

 editor of the Lettres edifiantes et curieuses, from the 

 ninth to the twenty-sixth collection, to which he 

 wrote useful prefaces ; and also for his compilation 

 entitled Description historique,geographique, et phy- 

 sique, de VEmpire de la Chine, et de la Tartarie 

 Chinoise (4 vols. folio, Paris, 1735). The latter work, 

 which, with some retrenchments, has been translated 

 into English, is deemed the most complete general 

 account of that vast empire which has appeared in 

 Europe. 



HALE, in the sea language, signifies pull. 



HALE, Sm MATTHEW, an eminent English judge, 

 was born at Alderley, in Gloucestershire, in 1609. 

 He received his early education under a Puritanical 

 clergyman, and afterwards became a student at Mag- 

 dalen Hall, Oxford, whence he removed, in his 

 twenty-first year, to Lincoln's Inn. He is said to 

 have studied sixteen hours daily, extending his re- 

 searches to natural philosophy, mathematics, history, 

 and divinity, as well as the sciences more immediately 

 connected with his profession. He was called to the 

 bar previously to the commencement of the civil 

 war ; and, in the conflict of parties which took place, 

 his moderation, accompanied, as it was, by personal 

 integrity, and skill in his profession, secured him the 

 esteem of both royalists and parliamentarians in his 

 own time. Imitating Atticus rather than Cato, he 

 adhered to the triumphant party, and scrupled not to 

 take the covenant, and become a lay-member of the 

 famous ecclesiastical assembly at Westminster ; yet 

 he acted as counsel for the accused on the trials of 

 the earl of Strafford, archbishop Laud, and even of 

 the king himself. In 1652, he was placed on the 

 committee appointed to consider of the propriety of 

 reforming the law. In 1654, he became a judge of 

 the common bench (the former king's bench), in 

 which station he displayed firmness of principle suit- 



