620 



HAMBURG MARC COURANT HAMILTON. 



frees of Napoleon, which gave, as far as was possible, 

 a final blow to the commerce and industry of Ham- 

 burg. At last, Hamburg, with the whole north- 

 western part of Germany, was formally incorporated 

 in the French empire (13th Dec. 1810), and became 

 the capital of the newly created department of the 

 Mouths of the Elbe. But at the beginning of the 

 year 1813, the approach of Tettenborn obliged the 

 French to fly (1 3th March). This encouraged Ham- 

 burg to re-establish its free constitution, which had 

 been overthrown, and to prepare to take a part in 

 the great struggle. More than 2000 men enlisted 

 for military service ; and they were to form a Han- 

 seatic legion with the bands already raised by Lu- 

 beck, and those expected from Bremen. In addition 

 to this, a guard of citizens was formed, at first of 

 volunteers, and afterwards by a formal decree of the 

 council and citizens. About 7000 men were enlisted 

 for this purpose. In April, a part of the Hanseatic 

 troops was able to take the field, and their cavalry 

 distinguished itself at Ottersberg on the 22d. But 

 the French, being reinforced, drove back the troops 

 of the allies. They made themselves masters of the 

 left bank of the Lower Elbe, and, May 12, took 

 Wilhelmsburg (the castle of Harburg had voluntarily 

 surrendered to them), and on the night of the 20th, 

 they began to bombard the town. The hope of de- 

 liverance, awakened on the 21st, by the entrance of 

 two Swedish battalions, vanished on the 25th, when 

 the Swedes retreated. Misunderstandings arose be- 

 tween the military commanders and the senate, which 

 sought for the mediation of the Danes. On the 29th, 

 Tettenborn evacuated the city ; and Von Hess, the 

 commander of the guard of citizens, dismissed them. 

 Before a capitulation had been signed, the Danes 

 entered the city as allies of the French, and, on the 

 evening of the 31st, Eckmuhl and Vandamme ap- 

 peared with a large number of French troops. Partly 

 to secure possession of the city, and partly to punish 

 its resistance, the severest measures were taken. A 

 contribution of 48,000,000 francs was levied upon 

 the citizens, and a part of it was exacted immedi- 

 ately. At the end of the year, 40,000 persons, of 

 every age and sex, had been driven from the city, 

 and exposed to all *he rigours of winter. At the 

 same time, the dwellings of about 8000 persons, in 

 the nearest environs of the city, were consumed by 

 fire with such rapidity, that these poor people could 

 only escape with their lives. As the troops which 

 approached Hamburg, first under Wallmoden, and 

 afterwards under Bennigsen, were too weak to un- 

 dertake a siege, the city could not obtain deliverance 

 from its oppressors, until after the end of the war in 

 France. In the latter part of May (1814), the 

 French troops first left the city, carrying with them 

 the fruits of their exactions. A rent of 500,000 

 francs was the trifling compensation which France 

 made to Hamburg, for its disastrous ravages within 

 and without the city. The Russians, under Bennig- 

 sen, entered in the place of the French, and remained 

 till the end of the year. Then first was the quiet of 

 Hamburg restored. 



HAMBURG MARC COURANT and BANCO. 

 See Coin. 



HAMBURG BANK. See Bank. 



HAMILCAR. See Hannibal. 



HAMILTON, a considerable town in the middle 

 ward of Lanarkshire, eleven miles S. E. of Glasgow, 

 and thirty-eight W. by S. of Edinburgh. The palace 

 of Hamilton, the residence of the duke of that name, 

 was originally in the middle of the town, which stood 

 clustering around it ; but the lower part being gra- 

 dually purchased by the Hamilton family for the 

 extension and improvement of their pleasure-grounds, 

 the town has since stretched to the S. and W. and 



left the palace detached standing below. The origin 

 of the town is uncertain, but it was erected into a 

 burgh of barony in 1456. In 1548, it was erected 

 by Queen Mary into a royal burgh ; but the rights 

 and privileges thus acquired from the crown were 

 resigned into the hands of William, duke of Hamil- 

 ton, after the reformation, who, in 1670, restored to 

 the community its former privileges, and erected it 

 into a burgh of regality, dependent on him and his 

 successors, in which state it remained until the pass- 

 ing of the Scots burgh reform bill. Population o. 

 town and parish in 1831, 9513. It joins with Lin 

 lithgow, Lanark, Falkirk, and Airdrie, in sending a 

 member to parliament. 



Hamilton has a number of resident gentry, and its 

 proximity to the ducal establishment increases in 

 some measure the prosperity of the town, though the 

 residence of the family is chiefly abroad. This 

 family has long been allied to the first nobility, and 

 some of its branches have been connected with the 

 blood-royal. Sir James, the sixth knight in descent 

 from Sir Gilbert, the first of the family who settled 

 in Scotland, having married for his second wife, 

 Mary, eldest daughter of James II., by whom he 

 had a son created earl of Arran ; by lack of heirs in 

 that line of the royal family, the son of this earl had 

 only betwixt him and the throne, Mary, the daugh- 

 ter of James V., afterwards queen ; this propinquity 

 to royalty and the possession of the Scottish estates, 

 created him regent during the minority of the young 

 queen. The politics of the present family are liberal, 

 and the brother of the present duke, lord Archibald, 

 was long the redoubted champion of borough re- 

 form. 



Hamilton palace was built at different periods ; the 

 finest and most important addition to it, from a de- 

 sign by Mr David Hamilton, being not yet com- 

 pleted. Several of the rooms are very large, parti- 

 cularly the gallery, which contains a collection or 

 pictures, one of the best in Scotland. Of these, 

 Daniel in the Lions' Den by Rubens, is one of the 

 finest productions of that master. There is also a fine 

 painting of lord Denbigh going a hunting, and the 

 marriage feast, by Paul Veronese. In an adjoining 

 closet is a marble statue of Venus Genitrix, dug 

 from the ruins of Herculaneum. In the middle of 

 the great park, and on a rock overhanging the W. 

 bank of the Avon stand the ruins of Cadzow castle, 

 the ancient manor-house, when the circumjacent dis- 

 trict was known by the name of Cadzow. Opposite 

 to these ruins, on the other side of the Avon, is a 

 building, said to have been a representation of the 

 castle of Chatelherault in Normandy, from which the 

 family of Hamilton have the title of duke of Chatel- 

 herault in France. In the park are some of the 

 stateliest oaks hi Scotland. 



HAMILTON, ANTHONY, COUNT ; a poet, courtier 

 and man of letters in the seventeenth century. He 

 was descended from a younger branch of the family 

 of the dukes of Hamilton, in Scotland, but was born 

 in Ireland about 1646. His parents were Catholics 

 and royalists, in consequence of which they removed 

 to France, after the death of Charles I., and young 

 Hamilton became domiciliated in that country. He, 

 however, made frequent visits to England, in the 

 reign of Charles II. His sister was married to count 

 Grammont. It is said that the count, after having 

 paid his addresses to the lady, and been accepted, 

 changed his mind, and set off for the continent. Her 

 brother followed him, and overtaking him at Dover, 

 asked him if he had not forgotten something to be 

 done, previously to his leaving England. " 0, yes," 

 replied Grammont, " I forgot to marry your sister ;" 

 and he immediately returned and fulfilled his engage- 

 ment. When James II. was obliged to contend for 



