630 



HANNO HANOVER. 



declare war against the Romans, and persuaded him 

 that Italy must be made the theatre of action. An- 

 tiochus approved his plans ; but when Hannibal pro- 

 posed an alliance with that prince to his own country, 

 his enemies prevailed in the senate, and the whole 

 design was frustrated. He was indeed appointed to 

 the command of the Syrian fleet, and attacked the 

 Rhodians, who were allies of Rome ; but, owing to 

 the treachery of one of his officers, he was forced to 

 retreat. Antiochus himself was led by a series of 

 misfortunes and errors to conclude a disgraceful 

 peace. Hannibal was again obliged to flee, to escape 

 being delivered up to the Romans, and went to the 

 court of Prusias, king of Bithynia, who was animated 

 by the same spirit of hostility against the Romans. 

 He was the soul of a powerful league formed between 

 Prusias, and several neighbouring princes, against 

 Eumenes, king of Pergamus, an ally of Rome, took 

 the command of the military force, and gained several 

 victories by land and sea. Notwithstanding these 

 advantages, Asia trembled at the name of Rome ; 

 and Prusias, to whom the senate had sent ambassa- 

 dors to demand the person of Hannibal, was on the 

 point of complying with the requisition. But the 

 hero prevented the disgrace by swallowing poison, 

 which he always carried about in his ring. He died 

 B. C. 183, aged sixty-four years. In the work Han- 

 nibal's Heerzug uber die Alpen (Hannibal's March 

 over the Alps), by C. L. E. Zander (Hamb. 1823, 

 4to), all the previous investigations concerning 

 Hannibal's route are collected ; the author follows 

 Deluc. 



HANNO ; a Carthaginian general, who made a 

 voyage on the western coast of Africa, of which he 

 has left the description. The purpose of this voyage 

 was to make discoveries for the benefit of commerce, 

 and to settle colonies, of which he established six on 

 the coast of Morocco, whence he continued his voy- 

 ages of discovery. From his description, he probably 

 proceeded as far as the coast of G uinea ; for his ac- 

 counts of the people he describes, are applicable to 

 the Negroes of that country, and the two large 

 streams containing crocodiles and hippopotamuses 

 correspond to the rivers Senegal and Gambia. Hanno 

 lived, probably, 550 B. C.,and deserves a distinguish- 

 ed place amongst the ancient navigators. The Peri- 

 plus of Hanno is the Grecian translation of the rela- 

 tion of his voyage. An English translation of it 

 by Falconer appeared in 1797 (8vo). 



Two Carthaginian generals, of the name of Hanno, 

 commanded in Sicily, successively, during the first 

 Punic war. 



Another Hanno was one of the commanders under 

 Hannibal in Italy, and was distinguished by several 

 fortunate enterprises. 



HANOVER ; a kingdom in the north of Germany, 

 united to the crown of Great Britain, consisting of 

 the duchy of Bremen, the principality of Luneburg, 

 and of several other countries. It does not form a 

 consolidated whole, several portions of it being de- 

 tached from the main body. Area, 14,800 square 

 miles. The inhabitants, in 1829, amounted to 

 1,582,574, of whom 1,253,574 are Lutherans, 200,000 

 Catholics, and the rest Calvinists, Jews, and Men- 

 onites. Its figure somewhat resembles an oblong 

 square, having the Elbe along its north-east side, the 

 German ocean on the north-west, Dutch Frieslarid, 

 with Prussian Westphalia, ou the south-west, and 

 Saxony on the south-east. It lies between 6 51' 

 and 11 51' of E. Ion., and 51 18' and 53 54' of 

 N. lat. In 1815, it was divided into the eleven fol- 

 lowing provinces : Calenberg, Gottingen, Luneburg, 

 Hoya and Diepholtz, Hildesheim, Osnabruck, Ver- 

 den, the duchy of Bremen (which is distinct from the 

 town), Bentheiin, East Friesland, and Lingen (with 



part of the lordships of Rheina and Meppen.) These 

 provinces are subdivided into 107 bailiwics. With 

 the exception of the Hartz, and other elevated tracts 

 in the south, the territory of Hanover consists of an 

 immense plain, with gentle undulations, but hardly 

 any thing that can be called a mountain. In the 

 south, the valleys are fertile. In the north are many 

 barren heaths and moors. The most productive 

 tracts are those along the banks of the rivers, which 

 have been reclaimed from a marshy state. The 

 mountain tract of the Hartz is covered with vast for- 

 ests, which are particularly valuable in this quarter, 

 as they afford fuel for the supply of the mines, with 

 which the country abounds, and which are still more 

 valuable than its forests. Those of silver were dis- 

 covered as early as the year 968, and are supposed 

 to have been the first opened in Europe. Iron, cop- 

 per, and lead are wrought here to a great extent ; 

 also zinc and sulphur, with green, blue, and while 

 vitriol. The iron mines are the most productive ; 

 and their annual tenth yields a revenue of about 

 \. 15,000 sterling. The rivers of Hanover are the 

 Elbe (joined by the Jeetze), the Ilmenau, the Oste, 

 the Weser (which receives the Leine), the Ocker, 

 the Innerste, the Ruhme, and the Embs (joined by 

 the Stunte and Haze). The chief lakes are those of 

 Steinhude and Dummer. The Hartz, being a moun- 

 tain tract, is, like other mining districts, deficient 

 in corn. The duchy of Luneburg contains immense 

 heaths, called, on account of their barrenness, the 

 Arabia of Germany. These are turned to account as 

 sheep-walks, and, in some degree, as affording nour- 

 ishment to bees. The corn cultivated is a mixture of 

 wheat, barley, and oats, but with a considerable pro- 

 portion of rye and buck-wheat ; peas and beans are 

 very generally raised ; but agriculture is, in many 

 parts of the kingdom, in a very backward state. 

 Thread and linen manufactures are carried on in vari- 

 ous parts. The other manufactures of the kingdom 

 are coarse woollens, paper, leather, and glass, carried 

 on in a number of places, but on a small scale in each. 

 The only town which has a maritime trade of conse- 

 quence is Embden. Four fairs are held annually at 

 Hanover, and two at Osnabruck. The goods import- 

 ed from abroad are British manufactures and colonial 

 produce ; linen from Friesland and Prussia ; broad- 

 cloth, silk, and jewelry from France. The chief ex- 

 ports are coarse linen, iron, and copper from the 

 Hartz, timber cut into planks, with horses and black 

 cattle from various parts of the country. Hanover 

 has one university, thirty-seven gymnasia and Latiu 

 schools, 3561 common schools in towns and villages, 

 four seminaries for the education of schoolmasters, 

 six schools for midwives, &c. Public debt, 30,000,000 

 guilders; revenue of 1829, 3,202,324 guilders; ex- 

 penditure, 3,127,692 ; standing army, 12,940; con- 

 tingent to the army of the Germanic confederacy, 

 13,054. 



The duke of Brunswick Luneburg was raised to 

 the electoral dignity in Hanover in 1692. In 1714, 

 the reigning elector succeeded to the throne of Great 

 Britain, as the next protestant heir to the house of 

 Stuart. Between 1801 and 1813, Hanover was re- 

 peatedly overrun by the French, and annexed, suc- 

 cessively, to Prussia, Westphalia, and France. On 

 the expulsion of the French in 1813, the whole elec- 

 torate was re-established under the name of a king- 

 dom. In the diet, the king of Hanover occupies the 

 fifth rank, and has four votes at the general assembly. 

 The crown is hereditary in the male line only. On 

 the 7th December 1819, the prince regent (afterwards 

 George IV.) gave Hanover a constitution, if we may 

 designate by this name the charter, which expressly 

 says, that no untried principles shall be introduced ; 

 but that, in the main, the chambers shall exercise the 



