HARDENBERG HARDOUIN. 



633 





1772, died March 25, 1801. His parents paid great 

 attention to his education. In Jena, Von Harden berg 

 studied philosophy, and at Leipsic and Wittenberg, 

 the Jaw. From thence he went to Tennstadt, where 

 it was intended he should be practically instructed 

 in jurisprudence. In December, 1797, he went to 

 Freyberg, where Julia von Charpentier won his affec- 

 tions. In 1799, he formed a friendship with L. 

 Tieck and the two Schlegels. He had made himself 

 well acquainted with law, natural philosophy, mathe- 

 matics and philosophy, but was most eminent for his 

 poetical talents. In the works of Novalis, there is a 

 singular mixture of imagination, sensibility, religion, 

 and mysticism. He was the gentlest and most ami- 

 able of enthusiasts. Some of his hymns are very 

 beautiful. His novel heinricA von Ofterdingen was 

 left unfinished. His Hymns to Night have the great- 

 est merit. His works have been published at Berlin 

 (1814 and 1816, 3d edit.). 



HARDENBERG, CHARLES AUGUSTUS (baron, 

 afterwards prince of) ; Prussian chancellor of state. 

 He was born at Hanover, May 31, 1750, and, after 

 having completed his studies in Leipsic and Gottin- 

 gen, entered into the civil service of his country in 

 1770. He passed several years in travelling through 

 Germany, France, Holland, and particularly England. 

 In 1778, he was made privy counsellor ; but a misun- 

 derstanding with one of the English princes induced 

 him to resign his place in 1782, and to enter the ser- 

 vice at Brunswick. The duke sent him to Berlin, in 

 1786, with the will of Frederic II., which had been 

 deposited with him. Here he gave so much satisfac- 

 tion, that the duke sent him repeatedly to the same 

 place. In 1790, he was made minister of the last 

 margrave of Anspach and Baireuth, on the recom- 

 mendation of Prussia. When the margravate was 

 incorporated with Prussia, Hardenberg remained hi 

 his ortice, and was made Prussian minister of state, 

 and, soon after, cabinet minister. April 5, 1795, he 

 signed the peace between the French republic and 

 Prussia, on the part of the latter. At the beginning 

 of this century, Berlin became the centre of many 

 negotiations between the northern powers. The 

 minister Haugwitz favoured France, but the influence 

 of Hardenberg decided the Prussian cabinet to take 

 part with England. Count Haugwitz therefore gave 

 in his resignation, and Hardenberg succeeded him, 

 in August, 1804. The disasters which Prussia soon 

 after suffered, in the conflict with Napoleon, are well 

 known. In consequence of the treaty of December 

 15, 1805, which Haugwitz concluded at Vienna, be- 

 tween Prussia and France, Hardenberg again gave 

 up his place to that minister ; but, on the breaking 

 out of the war of 1806, he once more resumed the 

 portfolio. After the peace of Tilsit, he asked for 

 his dismission ; but, in 1810, the king of Prussia ap- 

 pointed him chancellor of state (prime minister), and 

 endeavoured to form a union with France ; but the 

 disasters of the French army in Russia changed his 

 policy. Hardenberg signed the peace of Paris, and 

 was created prince. He went to London with the 

 sovereigns, and was one of the most prominent actors 

 at the congress of Vienna. He was subsequently the 

 active agent in all matters in which Prussia took 

 part ; he was made president of the council of state ; 

 was present, in 1818, at the congress of Aix-la-Cha- 

 pelle; in 1819, at Carlsbad; in 1820, at Vienna, at 

 Troppau and Verona. While on a journey in the 

 north of Italy, he fell sick at Pavia, and died at Ge- 

 noa, November 27, 1822. As to his political princi- 

 ples in the latter part of his life, he was an active 

 minister of the holy alliance ; but, still, lie under- 

 stood that the time of feudalism was past, and his 

 abolition of feudal services and privileges in Prussia 

 will always be remembered in his favour. He pa- 



tronized the sciences munificently, and the foundation 

 of the university of Bonn is honourable to him. He 

 loved power, but, at the same time, his administration 

 had many good features. In the years 1807' 1810, 

 prince Hardenberg wrote Memoirs on his Time, from 

 1801 to the peace of Tilsit, and, before his death, 

 gave the manuscript to Sclioll, a counsellor of state. 

 The king, however, sealed it with his arms, and or- 

 dered it not to be opened until 1850. Hardenberg 

 was twice married. His son by the first marriage is 

 a count, and in the Danish service. 



HARDICANUTE, king of England and Denmark, 

 was the son of Canute, by Emma, daughter of Rich- 

 ard, duke of Normandy: He succeeded his father 

 on the Danish throne in 1038, and, at the same time, 

 laid claim to that of England, which had devolved 

 to his elder and half-brother, Harold. A compro- 

 mise was effected, by which the southern part of the 

 kingdom was, for a while, held in his name by his 

 mother Emma ; and, on the death of his brother, he 

 succeeded to the whole. His government was vio- 

 lent and tyrannical ; he revived the odious tax of 

 Danegelt, and punished, with great severity, the in- 

 surrections which it occasioned. The death of this 

 despicable prince, in consequence of intemperance at 

 the nuptials of a Danish nobleman, brought his reign 

 to an early termination, to the great joy of his sub- 

 jects, in 1041. 



HARDNESS, in physiology ; the resistance op- 

 posed by a body to impression, or to the separation 

 of its particles. This property depends on the force 

 of cohesion, or on that which chemists call affinity, 

 joined to the arrangement of the particles, to their 

 figure, and other circumstances. A body, says M. 

 Hauy, is considered more hard in proportion as it 

 presents greater resistance to the friction of another 

 hard body, such as a steel file ; or as it is more capa- 

 ble of wearing or working into such other body, to 

 which it may be applied by friction. Lapidaries 

 judge of the hardness of fine stones, &c., from the 

 difficulty with which they are worn down, or polish- 

 ed. 



HARDOUIN, JOHN ; a learned French Jesuit, no 

 less celebrated for his intimate acquaintance with 

 the classical authors of antiquity, than remarkable 

 for the singularity of his opinions respecting the 

 authenticity of their writings. He was born in 1646, 

 at Quimper in Bretagne, and died at Paris, 1729. 

 The work by which he is principally known, is his 

 Chronologies ex Nummis antiquis restitutes Prolusio 

 de Nummis Herodiadum, in which he supports the 

 extraordinary hypothesis, that almost all the writings 

 under the names of the Greek and Roman poets and 

 historians, are the spurious productions of the thir- 

 teenth century. His exceptions to this denunciation 

 are, the works of Cicero and Pliny, as well as of some 

 of those attributed to Horace and Virgil. He con- 

 tends, at the same time, that the two hitter are alle- 

 gorical writers, who, under the names of Lalage and 

 ^Eneas, have represented the Christian religion and 

 the life of its founder. This treatise was condemned 

 and proscribed, the author was called upon for a 

 public recantation of his errors, which in fact he 

 made ; but he afterwards repeated his offence in 

 other publications. Among his 102 works are, 

 Nummi antiqui Populorum et Urbium ilhtstrati 

 (1684); Pliny's Natural History, in usum Delphini 

 (5 vols. 4to, 1685); and another in twelve folio 

 volumes of The Councils (1705). On this latter 

 work he expended a great deal of time and labour, 

 but it was suppressed by the parliament. He consi- 

 dered all the councils, previous to that of Trent, 

 as imaginary. A selection from father Hardouin's 

 works, comprising most of those which had fallen 

 under the censure of the Romish church, appeared, 



