HARMONY HAROUN. 



637 



HARMONY, FIGURED. Figured harmony is that 

 in which, for the purpose of melody, one or more 

 of the parts of a composition move, during the con- 

 tinuance of a chord, through certain notes which do 

 not form any of the constituent parts of that chord. 

 These intermediate notes not being reckoned in the 

 harmony, considerable judgment and skill are neces- 

 sary so to dispose them that, while the ear is gratified 

 with their succession, it may not be offended at their 

 dissonance with respect to the harmonic notes. 



HARMONY OF THE SPHERES ; an hypothesis 

 of Pythagoras and his school, according to which the 

 motions of the heavenly bodies produced a music 

 imperceptible by the ears of mortals. He supposed 

 these motions to conform to certain fixed laws, which 

 could be expressed in numbers, corresponding to the 

 numbers which give the harmony of sounds. The 

 immortal Kepler, in his Harmonices Mundi, endea- 

 vours to apply the Pythagorean ideas on numbers and 

 musical intervals to astronomy, and in this work, as 

 also in his Prodromus, sets forth eternal laws respect- 

 ing the distances of the planets, which were not fully 

 appreciated, until Newton, a long time after, showed 

 their importance and connexion. It is in the Har- 

 monices Mundi, proemium to the 5th book, De Mo- 

 tibus Planetarum, that Kepler, in his enthusiasm, 

 pronounces these bold words concerning his disco- 

 very : " Eighteen months ago, I saw the first ray of 

 light ; three months since, I saw the day ; a few days 

 ago, I saw the sun himself, of most admirable beauty. 

 Nothing can restrain me ; I yield to the sacred frenzy. 

 I dare ingenuously to confess, that I have stolen the 

 golden vessels of the Egyptians (alluding to the ideas 

 of Ptolemy on the same subject), and will build of 

 them a tabernacle to my God. If you pardon me, I 

 rejoice ; if you reproach me, I can endure it ; the 

 die is thrown. I write a book to be read ; whether 

 by the present or future ages, it matters not. It can 

 wait fora reader a century, if God himself waited six 

 thousand years for an observer of his works. 1 '* To 

 understand this enthusiasm fully, we must recollect 

 the erroneous ideas with which the world liad teemed 

 from the time of Ptolemy. 



HARMONY, PRE-ESTABLISHED. See Leibnitz. 



HARMOTOME, or CROSS STONE ; the name 

 of a substance curious in mineralogy, on account of 

 the cruciform figure of its crystals, and the peculiar- 

 ity of its composition. It sometimes occurs in right 

 rectangular prisms terminated by four rhombic planes, 

 corresponding to the solid angles of the prisms ; but 

 more frequently in twin-crystals formed by the inter- 

 section of two flattened prisms at right angles to each 

 other, and in such a manner that a common axis and 

 acumination is formed. The crystals yield to cleav- 

 age parallel to the planes and both diagonals of a 

 right rectangular prism, which is their primary form. 

 Its prevailing colour is white ; it is translucent or 

 semi-transparent, with a somewhat pearly lustre, and 

 hard enough to scratch glass. Specific gravity 2-392. 

 It consists of silex 49-00, alumine 16 00, barytes 

 18-00, and water 15-00. It chiefly occurs in metal- 

 liferous veins, as at Andreasberg, in the Hartz, and 

 at Strontian in Scotland. It has also been found in 

 amygdaloid at Oberstein. 



HARNESS. See Mail. 



HAROLD I., Harfagar (fair-haired) ; king of 

 Norway, son of Hafdan the Black ; one of the great- 

 est monarchs of that country. At the time of iris 

 father's death (863), he was in the Dofrefield inoun. 



* .Vz ignoscitis, g/ittdebo ; si succen.tetis, feram ; jacio en 

 fileum, llbrumquf scribo, seiiprrsc ntilnts si>u posterix legen- 

 dun, nihil interest ; expectet ilte mi inn lectorem per annos 

 centum ; si Dens ipseper annorum sena millla contempla- 

 torem prtestolatus est. JnannU Kepleri Harmonicrs Muudi, 

 IMriv., Lincii, Austria-, MDCX1X. 



tains, and had already evinced great talent and per- 

 sonal prowess in several battles. Love made him a 

 conqueror. He had offered his hand to Gida, the 

 daughter of a neighbouring king ; but the proud 

 beauty replied to Harold's ambassadors, that she 

 would only consent to become his wife when he had 

 subjected all Norway. Harold swore he would not 

 cut fiis hair till he had accomplished Gida's desire, 

 and, in ten years, succeeded in obtaining sole posses- 

 sion of Norway. In the mean time, his hair had 

 grown long and beautiful, from which circumstance 

 he derived his surname. While he reduced the lesser 

 kings, he left them, with the title jar I, the adminis- 

 tration of their territories, and the third part of their 

 income ; but many of them emigrated and founded 

 Norwegian colonies. Hrolf, or Rollo, emigrated to 

 Neustria (France). Others, with their followers, 

 established themselves in Iceland, the Shetland Isles, 

 Faroe and the Orcades, some of which were then unin- 

 habited. When Harold found that the emigrants often 

 extended their incursions into his dominions, he em- 

 barked, with a naval force, to subdue them. After 

 a bloody war, he conquered the Orcades, &c.,and re- 

 turned home. He fixed his residence at Drontheim, 

 and died there in 930, after having raised his country 

 to a prosperous state, by wise laws and the encour- 

 agement of commerce. 



HAROLD I., si'.rnamed Barefoot, king of Eng- 

 land, succeeded his father, Canute, in 1035, notwith- 

 standing a previous agreement, that the sovereignty of 

 England should descend to the issue of Canute by his 

 second wife, the Norman princess Emma. His coun- 

 trymen, the Danes, maintained him upon the throne 

 against the efforts of earl Godwin, in favour of Har- 

 dicanute ; but, Harold gaining over that leader by 

 the promise of marrying his daughter, a compromise 

 was effected, and they united to effect the murder of 

 prince Alfred, son to Ethelred II. After a reign of 

 tour years, in which nothing memorable occurred, 

 Harold died, in 1039. 



HAROLD II., king of England, was the second 

 son of Godwin, earl of Kent. He succeeded his 

 father in his government and great offices, and, upon 

 the death of Edward the Contessor, in 1066, stepped 

 without opposition into the vacant throne, without 

 attending to the more legal claim of Edgar Atheling, 

 or the asserted bequest of Edward in favour of the 

 duke of Normandy. The latter immediately called 

 upon him to resign the crown, and, upon his refusal, 

 prepared for invasion. He also instigated Harold's 

 brother, Tosti, who had retired in disgust to Flan- 

 ders, to infest the northern coasts of England, in con- 

 junction with the king of Norway. The united fleet 

 of these chiefs sailed up the Humber, and landed a 

 numerous body of men, who defeated the opposing 

 forces of the earls of Northumberland and Mercia, 

 but were totally routed by Harold, whose brother, 

 Tosti, fell in the battle. He had scarcely time to 

 breathe after his victory, before he heard of the land- 

 ing of the duke of Normandy at Pevensey, in Sussex. 

 Hastening thither, with all the troops he could mus- 

 ter, a general engagement ensued at Hastings, 

 October 14, 1066, in which this spirited prince, after 

 exerting every effort of valour and military skill, was 

 slain with an arrow; and the crown of England was 

 the immediate fruit of William's victory. 



HAROUN, or AARON AL RASHID, a cele- 

 brated caliph of the Saracens, was the second son of 

 the caliph Mahadi. He succeeded his elder brother, 

 Hadi, in the caliphate A. D. 786, and was the most 

 potent prince of his race, ruling over territories ex- 

 tending from Egypt to Korasan. He obtained the 

 name of Al Rashid, or the Just, but his claim to the 

 title must be regarded with considerable allowance 

 for Eastern notions of despotic justice. One of his 



