650 



HAVERCAMP HAWK. 



of this channel is secured by two strong castles, one 

 on each side. The place is also protected by other 

 strong fortifications. The city stands on a plain on 

 the west side of the harbour. The streets are in 

 general narrow, crooked, unpaved, and dirty. The 

 want of common sewers, and of cleanliness, and the 

 vicinity of marshes, contribute to the insalubrity of 

 the Havannah, which is much exposed to the ravages 

 of the yellow fever, particularly in the months of 

 August and September. The city contains eleven 

 < Innrlies, which are magnificently ornamented, espe- 

 cially the cathedral, with gold and silver lamps, 

 images, &c. ; two hospitals, a lazaretto, seven monas- 

 teries and four nunneries, a university, colleges, 

 botanical garden, nautical school, and seventy-eight 

 schools for both sexes ; a dock-yard, and many other 

 public, buildings ; a theatre, a place for bull-fights, 

 and two agreeable promenades ; also a lunatic asylum, 

 and a large charity school. An aqueduct supplies 

 the shipping with water, and turns the sawmills in 

 the dock-yard. '1 he houses are almost all of only one 

 story, and of a Gothic structure. The principal ones 

 are built of stone, and covered with terraces, having 

 large apartments, yet little ornamented. The great 

 square is one of the chief ornaments of the city. 

 The population of Havannah was much increased by 

 Najioleon's invasion of Spain, and by the revolutions 

 in Spanish America. The morals of the place are 

 loose. Gaming, cock-fighting, &c., are carried on to 

 a great extent. The customs are Spanish ; foreigners 

 who go there intermarry very little with the natives, as 

 they seldom intend to make Havannah their per- 

 manent residence. The lower clergy are ignorant, and 

 the ceremonies of religion are surrounded with a 

 puerile show, which intelligent Catholics do not ac- 

 knowledge as a constituent part of their religion. 

 Manufactures are still in their infancy ; some coarse 

 cloths only are made. The commerce is very exten- 

 sive. It has rapidly increased of late, and the rich 

 productions of the island, as well as the favourable 

 situation and excellent harbour of the city, have made 

 Havannah one of the most important commercial 

 places in the world. For a particular account of its 

 (Commerce, see the article Cuba. 



The city was founded in 1511, by Diego Velas- 

 quez. It was taken in 1536, by a French pirate ; 

 afterwards by the English, French, and buccaneers ; 

 it was again taken by the English in 1762, but was 

 restored to Spain at the peace of 1763. The 

 Havannah has the honour of containing the bones of 

 Columbus, the illustrious discoverer of America. In 

 consequence of an order contained in the will of 

 Columbus, his body was removed from the Carthusian 

 convent of Seville, and deposited, along with the 

 chains with which he had been loaded at Cuba, on 

 the right of the high altar of the cathedral of St 

 Domingo. When that island was ceded to the 

 French, his descendants directed that the brass coffin, 

 in which the whole was contained, should be removed 

 to this city, which was done on the 19th of January, 

 1796. His bones are now preserved in a silver urn on 

 the left of the altar of the cathedral. The department 

 of Havannah contains the city and forty-two places, 

 with a population of 247,828, of whom 109,535 are 

 slaves. See the official work Cuadro Estadistico de 

 la Siempre Fiel Isla de Cuba, correspondiente al Ano 

 de 1827 (Havana, 1829) ; also Abbot's Letters on 

 Cuba, (Boston, 1829), and Alexander von Humboldt's 

 Essai politique sur le Royaume de la Nouvelle 

 Espagne, Paris, 1808 1809, 4to. 



HAVERCAMP, one of the most celebrated philo- 

 logists of the 18th century , was born at Utrecht in 1 683, 

 and made such rapid advances in his studies, that he 

 was numbered among the learned at the time of his 

 leaving school. Not long afterward^ lie was invited 



to accept the professorship of the Greek language at 

 Leyden, to which was nlso annexed the professorship 

 of history and eloquence. He published a number of 

 valuable treatises, and died in 1742. From travel- 

 ling in Italy, he derived a taste for the study of medals 

 and coins, the fruits of which he exhibited in the 

 Thesaurus Morellianus, in the treatise on the coins 

 of Alexander the Great, in his universal history 

 according to coins, and in several catalogues of col- 

 lections of coins. We pass over some other writings 

 of his, to mention his editions of the Apologeticus of 

 Tertullian (1718), of Lucretius (1725, 2 vols., 4tb), 

 of the history of Josephus (1726,2 vols., fol.), of 

 Eutropius (1729), of Orosius (1738, 4to), of Sallust 

 (1742, 2 vols. 4to), find of Censorinus (1743 or 1767) 

 which are still highly esteemed for the correctness 

 of their text and the treatises connected with them. 

 No less esteemed is his Sylloge Scriptorum, qui de 

 Linguae Grcecae vera et recta Pronunciatione Com- 

 mentaria reliquerunt (Leyden, 1736 40, 2 vols.) 



HAVRE DE GRACE, LE, or LE HAVRE ; an 

 important seaport of France, in the department of 

 the Lower-Seine ; forty-five miles west of Rouen, 

 112 north-west ot Paris ; Ion. 16' 46" E. ; lat. 

 49 29' 14" N. ; population 21,049. It is situated 

 in a flat, marshy soil, intersected with creeks and 

 ditches, on the British channel, at the mouth of the 

 Seine. It is strongly fortified, being surrounded by 

 lofty walls and ditches, and defended by a citadel. 

 It is the only eligible harbour along the whole coast 

 from Cherbourg, and is capable of containing 600 or 

 700 vessels, and has a long pier, and sufficient depth 

 of water to float ships of war of sixty guns. The 

 town has peculiar advantages from its situation at 

 the mouth of the Seine, and its being the seaport of 

 Paris, and is one of the most important mercantile 

 ports of France. Steamboats start regularly for 

 Paris, Honfleur, Rouen, and England, and regular 

 lines of packets run between this port and Cadiz, 

 Hamburg, Portugal, Mexico, Brazil, and the United 

 States. It consists of long and narrow streets ; the 

 fronts of the houses are lofty, but have a heavy and 

 mean appearance, being sometimes of stone, but 

 oftener of wood. It contains two churches, three 

 convents, an hospital, town-house, an arsenal, maga- 

 zines, and storehouses necessary for the construction 

 and arming of ships. Louis XII. laid here the foun- 

 dation of a town in 1509, where only a few fishing 

 huts had previously existed. Francis I. erected some 

 fortifications, and it was some time called Francis- 

 copolis ; but a chapel, dedicated to Our Lady of 

 Grace, gave it the name of Le Havre de Grace ; it 

 is now only called Le Havre. It has always been 



packets run monthly from New York to Havre, which, 

 with the packets from the same place to Liverpool, 

 are the finest in the world. 



HAWAII. See Owhyhee. 



HA WICK, a manufacturing town in the south of 

 Scotland, situated in Roxburghshire, at the confluence 

 of the river Slitridge with the Teviot, forty-nine 

 miles S.S.E. from Edinburgh. It is a well-built, 

 thriving town, and can boast of considerable antiqui- 

 ty. It often suffered severely from the incursions ot 

 the English during the border wars. The manufac- 

 ture of stockings, blankets, and gloves, the tanning 

 of leather, and dressing of sheep-skins, form the 

 chief trade of the place. Population of town and 

 parish in 1831, 4970; in 1841, (5573. 



HAWK (falco). In the article Eagle, part of this 

 numerous and perplexing genus has already been 

 spoken of. It now remains to speak of such of the 

 remainder as are known under the common name of 



