HAWK HAWKINS. 



651 



hawk, or falcon. These birds derive additional inter- 

 est from the great use made of them in the amuse- 

 ment of hawking, which seems to have been almost 

 universal, at certain stages in the progress of nations. 

 Nothing is more arbitrary, or involved in greater 

 uncertainty, than the classification of hawks. A 

 man's life seems scarcely sufficient to acquire a 

 perfect knowledge of all the species and endless 

 varieties which some naturalists have given of this 

 bird. This is owing to the change in the colour of 

 their plumage during the first three years of their life. 

 We shall, therefore, give a list of all our native 

 species, derived from Lucien Bonaparte's Synopsis, 

 also including the arrangement of such of the falcon 

 tribe as have been noticed under Eagle : 



Genus FALCO is subdivided into the following sub- 

 genera : Aquila, Haliaetus, Pandion, Falco, 

 Astur, Ictinia, Elanus, Buteo, Circus. 



I. Bill elongated, straight at base. 



AQUILA. F.fulvus, L. Ring-tailed eagle. Com- 

 mon to both continents. 



HALIAETUS. F. leucocephalus, L. Bald eagle. 

 Common to both continents. 



PANDION. F. haliaetns, L. Fish-hawk. Inhabits 

 almost every part of the globe. 



II. Dill curved from the base. 

 \ . Bill with a sharp tooth each side. 



(a) Wings reaching to the tip of the tail, tarsi reti- 



culated. 



FALCO. F. peregrinus, Gm. Great-footed hawk. 

 Both continents. 



(b) Wings not reaching to tip of the tail, tarsi 



scutellated. 



F. Sparverius, L. American sparrow-hawk. Pecu- 

 liar to North America. 



F. colmnbarius, L. Pigeon-hawk. 



2. Bill with an obtuse lobe each side. 

 (a) Tarsi rather short and robust. 



ASTUR. F. palumbarius, L. Ash-coloured hawk. 

 Common to both continents. 



F. Pennsylvanicus, JVils. Broad-winged hawk. 

 Peculiar to North America ; very rare. 



(b) Tarsi long, slender, smooth. 



F. velox, IVils. Slate-coloured hawk. Sharp, 

 shinned H. Peculiar to North America. 



F. Cooperii, Bon. Cooper's hawk. Peculiar to 



North America. 

 ICTINIA. F. phimbeus, Gm. Mississippi kite. 



Peculiar to North and South America. 



ELANOS. F. dispar., Temm. White-tailed hawk. 



North and South America. 



F.furcatus L. Swallow-tailed hawk. North and 



South America. 

 () Tarsi feathered to the toes. 

 BI'TEO. F. lagopus. Rough-legged falcon. Com- 

 mon to both continents. 



F. Sancti Johanr.is, Gm. Black hawk. Peculiar 



to North America. 



((3) Tarsi partly feathered. 



F. borealis, Gm. Red-tailed hawk, and American 



buzzard. Peculiar to North America. 

 CIRCUS. F. hyemalis, Gm. Winter falcon. Red- 

 shouldered hawk. Peculiar to North Americn. 

 F. cyanens, L. Marsh-hawk. Inhabits botli con 

 tinents. 



HAWKE, EDWARD, LORD ; a celebrated naval com- 

 mander of the last century. His fiitlier, a member 

 of the English bar, in compliance with the strong 

 predilection which his son evinced, at an early age, 

 for a sea-faring life, procured him a midshipman's 

 birth aboard a king's ship. After going through the 

 usual gradations, he was appointed, in 1734, to the 

 command of the Wolf, and served with great credit. 

 Being promoted to the command of a squadron, in 

 1747, he fell in with the French fleet, which he 

 totally defeated, taking six large ships of the line. 

 For this service, he was presented with the vacant 

 red riband, and promoted to be vice-admiral of the 

 blue. In 1759, being then vice-admiral of the 

 white, he was sent in pursuit of the Brest fleet, which 

 he came up with oft" Belleisle, and gave the enemy a 

 second defeat, not inferior to the first. These suc- 

 cesses were rewarded with a pension of ,2000, 

 voted him by parliament ; and, in 1765, he reached 

 at length the head of his profession, being ap- 

 pointed vice-admiral of Great Britain, and first lord 

 of the admiralty. In 1776, he was advanced to a 

 seat in the house of lords, but survived this accession 

 of dignity little more than four years, dying at Shep- 

 perton, in the county of Middlesex, in the autumn of 

 1781. 



HAWKESWORTH, JOHN, LL.D. ; the son of a 

 watchmaker, of Bromley, in Kent, where he was 

 born in 1715. His father apprenticed him, at an 

 early age, to his own trade. His dislike to the busi- 

 ness, however, soon proved insuperable, and he be- 

 came clerk to a writing stationer. Some essays in 

 the Gentleman's Magazine introduced him to the ac- 

 quaintance of Cave, the proprietor of that work, who, 

 on the secession of Johnson, placed him in his situa- 

 tion, as compiler of the debates in both houses of 

 parliament. In 1752, there appeared, from his pen, 

 the first of a series of essays, which he continued 

 through that and the two following years, with the 

 assistance of his friend Joseph Warton, and other 

 occasional contributors. These were collected and 

 published (in 4 vols. 12mo), under the title of the 

 Adventurer. He then undertook a commission from 

 government to arrange and digest the discovery voy- 

 ages of Pyron, Wallis, Carteret, and Cook, in the 

 Pacific. This task he completed, not altogether to 

 the satisfaction of the public, in 1773, when the work 

 appeared in three volumes, 4to. He died at Bromley, 

 November 16, 1773. 



HAWKINS, SIR JOHN ; a renowned English sea 

 commander of the sixteenth century. He was a 

 native of Plymouth, and was the son of Captain Wm. 

 Hawkins, a naval officer. He made several voyages 

 in his youth, and thus acquired much maritime ex- 

 perience. In 1562, he projected an expedition, the 

 object of which was to procure Negroes on the coast 

 of Africa, and convey them for sale to the West 

 Indies. In this plan he was successful ; and he is 

 branded on the page of history, as the first English- 

 man, after the discovery of America, who made a 

 merchandise of the human species. He made two 

 subsequent voyages for the purpose, one of which 

 proved very profitable ; and he was rewarded for 

 the supposed benefit conferred on his country, by the 

 addition of a crest to his coat of arms, consisting of 

 "ademi-Moor, proper, bound with a cord." The 

 third expedition was unfortunate ; for, having en- 

 deavoured to carry on a contraband trade with the 

 Spaniards, his small fleet was attacked by an over- 

 powering force, and only one of his ships and a bark 

 escaped being taken or destroyed ; and after under- 

 going great hardships, he reached home in January, 

 1568. He afterwards filled the office of treasurer of 

 the navy ; and he appears to liave been much con- 

 sulted on maritime affairs. In 1588, he was appointed 



