HAWKINS HAYDN. 



vice-admiral of die squadron sent out against the 

 Spanish armada, and he received the honour of 

 knighthood for his conduct on that occasion. His 

 last service was in 1595, when he was sent, witli Sir 

 Francis Drake, against the West Indian settlements 

 of the Spaniards. The two commanders differed in 

 opinion ; and their consequent want of success occa- 

 sioned so much chagrin to Sir John Hawkins, that it 

 is supposed to have hastened his death, which took 

 place at sea, November 21, 1595, in his seventy -fifth 

 year. 



HAWKINS, SIR JOHN ; a lawyer and miscellaneous 

 writer of the last century. He was born in London, 

 ai 1719. He practised as a solicitor, with reputa- 

 tion, for some years, writing also for the periodical 

 press. In 1749, he was chosen a member of a club 

 established by doctor Johnson, with whom he formed 

 an acquaintance which lasted during their joint lives. 

 He contributed some notes for Johnson and Steevens' 

 edition of Shakspeare, and for some years he was 

 engaged in preparing for the press a General History 

 of the Science and Practice of Music, which he pub- 

 lished in 1776 (in 5 vols. 4to). Sir John Hawkins, 

 having accepted the office of executor to doctor 

 Johnson, was employed by the booksellers to draw up 

 a memoir of that celebrated writer, to accompany a 

 posthumous edition of his works. Neither as editor 

 or biographer does he appear to advantage. Some 

 pieces, not written by Johnson, are printed among 

 his works ; and the Life, which forms a bulky octavo, 

 seems to have served the writer as a receptacle for 

 the contents of his common-place book. His death 

 took place May 21, 1789. 



HAWKWOOD, SIR JOHN ; a military adventurer 

 of the fourteenth century, who, by his valour and 

 conduct as a commander, raised himself from a*i 

 humble origin to rank and reputation. Having 

 entered, in the capacity of a private soldier, the 

 English army, then preparing for the invasion of 

 France, with Edward III. and the Black Prince at 

 its head, his courage and military abilities soon pro- 

 cured him the honour of knighthood. In 1360, on 

 the conclusion of the peace of Bretigny, Sir John 

 joined himself with some other soldiers of for- 

 tune, whose revenues were unequal to the support of 

 their rank in times of tranquillity. These associates, 

 under the name of Les tard P'enus, continued, not- 

 withstanding the cessation of national hostilities, to 

 harass and plunder their old enemies, the French, 

 and even extended their depredations to Italy. After 

 leading a marauding life of this description for nearly 

 four years, he once more took regular military ser- 

 vice, undef the republic of Pisa, and displayed his 

 accustomed bravery. Having carried arms under 

 this banner for three-and-twenty years, he in 1387, 

 exchanged the Pisan service for that of the Floren- 

 tines. He died at Florence, March 6, 1393, at a 

 great age, and was honoured with a public funeral 

 in the church of Santa Reparata. 



HAWLEY, JOSEPH, a distinguished American 

 patriot, was born, in 1724, at Northampton, Massa- 

 chusetts, where he became a lawyer, after graduating 

 at Yale college, in 1742. He soon acquired great 

 eminence in his profession, and an extensive practice. 

 He was distinguished for his knowledge of political 

 history and the principles of free government a cir- 

 cumstance that rendered him one of the ablest advo- 

 cates of American liberty, in the defence of which he 

 took an early and strenuous part. His influence in 

 the quarter of the country in which he lived became 

 very great, and was owing as much to his high- 

 minded, inflexible integrity, as to his talents. The 

 sentiments of enmity and dread which the friends of 

 the British administration entertained, in consequence, 

 towards him, caused them to seek every method of 



injuring him ; and. by their exertions, he was at 

 length excluded from the bar ; to which, however, 

 he was soon restored. The imputations which they 

 cast upon his conduct irritated him to such a degree, 

 that he pledged himself never to accept of any promo- 

 tion, office, or emolument, under any government a 

 pledge which he amply redeemed. He was several 

 times chosen a counsellor, but refused to accept the 

 office, preferring a seat in the legislature, to which 

 he was first elected in 1764. In that body he con- 

 tinued to exert himself, with the greatest zeal and 

 effect, against the arbitrary measures of the govern- 

 ment, and was one of the first to entertain the idea 

 that they should be resisted by arms. As the crisis 

 approached, some persons represented the danger 

 of entering into a contest apparently so unequal. 

 His answer was, " We must put to sea ; Providence 

 will bring us into port. " Although major Hawlcy 

 retired from the legislature in 1776, he did not abate 

 his efforts to advance his country's cause, but, by his 

 powerful addresses, contributed to keep up the spirits 

 of his fellow citizens during the times of the greatest 

 difficulties and gloom. He died March 10, 1788, 

 aged sixty-four years, having been greatly afflicted, 

 during the latter portion of his life, with hypochon- 

 driacal disorders. 



HAWl'HORN, or WHITE THORN (crataegua 

 oxyacantha) ; a small, spiny European tree, rising 

 sometimes to the height of twenty to twenty-five 

 feet, much admired for the beauty of its foliage, and 

 forming excellent hedges. The leaves are smooth, 

 shining, more or less deeply lobed, and of a very 

 beautiful green colour ; the flowers are white, some- 

 times with a reddish tinge, disposed in corymbs, and 

 possess an agreeable perfume; the fruit, when 

 mature, is of a bright red colour. The species of 

 cratfBgus are about thirty in number, all shrubs or 

 small trees, spiny, with alternate simple or lobed 

 leaves, and bearing fruit resembling, in miniature, 

 that of the apple, to which plant they are closely 

 allied, being distinguished chiefly by their osseous 

 seeds, and are arranged with it under the same natu- 

 ral family rosacece. 



HAYDN, JOSEPH ; born 1732, in the village of 

 Rohrau, on the borders of Hungary and Austria. 

 His father, a poor wheelwright, played on the harp 

 on Sundays, his mother accompanying with her voice. 

 When the boy was five years old, he used, during 

 his parents' performance, to make motions with a 

 board and a stick, as if he was playing the violin. 

 A schoolmaster, whom accident led to this concert, 

 observed that Joseph kept good time, asked permis- 

 sion to take him to his school. Here he learned to 

 read and write, and received instruction in singing 

 and in playing on the violin, and other instruments. 

 After he had been here two years, he became, at the 

 age of eight years, a chorister in St Stephen's. At 

 the age of ten years, he composed pieces for six or 

 eight voices. " I then thought," he afterwards 

 remarked, laughingly, " that the blacker the paper, 

 the finer the music." With his fine soprano, he 

 lost his place, in his sixteenth year. His situation 

 was now very discouraging, and he had a foretaste 

 of the difficulties which await an artist without fortune 

 or patrons. He gave instructions in music, played 

 in the orchestra, and occupied himself with compos- 

 ing. " With my worm-eaten harpsichord," said he, 

 " I did not envy the lot of kings." At that time ' 

 the six first sonatas of Emanuel Bach fell into his 

 hands. " I did not leave the harpsichord," said he, 

 " until they were played through, from beginning to 

 end ; and any one who knows me, must perceive 

 that I owe much to Emanuel Bach ; that I have care- 

 fully studied his style ; and he himself once paid 

 me a compliment about it." The youth at length 



